self efficacy the exercise of control 1997 pdf

The same academic performance may bring re- warding or punishing outcomes depending on the value system to which performers and their refer- ence groups subscribe. People who are led to believe that they possess superior coping abil- ity haridle aversive problems by themselves, whereas those who believe themselves to be less skilled yield control to others to cope with the aver- sive environment. The cross-cultural generality of the adaptive functions of efficacy beliefs is evident in emotional well-being as well as in motivation and action. The long-standing debate over the issue of free- dom was enlivened by Skinner's contention that, apart from genetic contributions, human be- havior is shaped and controlled by environmental contingencies. These cognitive memory aids may include: Organizational strategies Mental rehearsal Elaborative and associative coding Physical and Health Functioning Declines in stamina and functioning health status are attributed all too often to biological aging when in fact some of the decline in physical stamina reflects decrements in beliefs of physical efficacy.

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