Biography Of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
Ataturk’s life and biography
Ataturk’s life and biography
Atatürkün ingilizce hayatı, biyografisi ve ingilizce kronolojisi
Ataturk’s life
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk ( – ) was the founder and the first President of the Republic of Turkey. Mustafa Kemal was born in in Salonika (Thessaloniki, today in Greece, then under the Ottoman rule). His father’s name was Ali Riza Efendi. His father was customs official.
His mother’s name was Zübeyde Hanim. For his primary education, he went to the school of Semsi Efendi in Salonika. But Mustafa lost his father at an early age, he had to leave school. Mustafa and his mother went to live with his uncle in the countryside. His mother brought him up. Life continued like this for a time. Mustafa worked on the farm but his mother began to worry about his lack of schooling. It was finally decided that he should live with his mother’s sister in Salonika.
He entered the Military Middle School in Salonika. In , after finishing the Military Middle School, Mustafa Kemal entered the Military High School (Askeri Idadisi) in Manastir.
After successfully completing his studies at the Manastir Military School, Mustafa Kemal went to Istanbul and on the 13th of March he entered the infantry class of the Military Academy (Harbiye Harp Okulu). After finishing the Military Academy, Mustafa Kemal went on to the General Staff College in He was graduated from the Academy with the rank of captain on the 11th of January,
In , he was sent to Damascus (Sam). Mustafa Kemal and his friends founded a society which they called “Vatan ve Hürriyet” (Fatherland and Freedom) in Damascus. On his own initiative, he went to Tripoli during the war with Italy in and took part in the defense of Derne and Tobruk. While he was still in Libya, the Balkan War broke out. He served in the Balkan War as a successful Commander (). At the end of the Balkan War, Mustafa Kemal was appointed military attaché in Sofia.
When Mustafa Kemal was in Sofia, the First World War broke out. He was made Commander of the Anafartalar Group on 8th of August, In the First World War he was in command of the Turkish forces at Anafartalar at a critical moment. This was when the Allied landings in the Dardanelles (Canakkale Bogazi) took place and he personally saved the situation in Gallipoli.
During the battle, Mustafa Kemal was hit by shrapnel above the heart, but a watch in his breast pocket saved his life. Mustafa Kemal explained his state of mind as he accepted this great responsibility: “Indeed, it was not easy to shoulder such responsibility, but as I had decided not to live to see my country’s destruction, I accepted it proudly”. He then served in the Caucasus and in Syria and just before the armistice in he was placed in command of the Lightning Army group in Syria. After the armistice (peace agreement), he returned to Istanbul.
After the Armistice of Montreux, the countries that had signed the agreement did not consider it necessary to abide by its terms. Under various pretexts the navies and the armies of the Entente (France, Britain and Italy) were in Istanbul, while the province of Adana had been occupied by the French, and Urfa and Maras by the British. There were Italian soldiers in Antalya and Konya, and British soldiers in Merzifon and Samsun. There were foreign officers, officials and agents almost everywhere in the country.
On the 15th of May the Greek Army landed in Izmir with the agreement of the Entente. Under difficult conditions, Mustafa Kemal decided to go to Anatolia. On 16th of May , he left Istanbul in a small boat called the “Bandirma”. Mustafa Kemal was warned that his enemies had planned to sink his ship on the way out, but he was not afraid and on Monday19th May , he arrived in Samsun and set foot on Anatolian soil. That date marks the beginning of the Turkish War of Independence. It is also the date that Mustafa Kemal later chose as his own birthday. A wave of national resistance arose in Anatolia. A movement had already begun in Erzurum in the east and Mustafa Kemal quickly placed himself at the head of the whole organization. The congresses in Erzurum and Sivas in the Summer of declared the national aims by a national pact.
When the foreign armies occupied Istanbul, on 23rd of April Mustafa Kemal opened the Turkish Grand National Assembly and hence established a provisional new government, the centre of which was to be Ankara. On the same day Mustafa Kemal was elected President of the Grand National Assembly. The Greeks, profiting by the rebellion of Cerkez Ethem and acting in collaboration with him, started to advance towards Bursa and Eskisehir. On the 10th of January , the enemy forces were heavily defeated by the Commander of the Western Front, colonel Ismet and his troops. On the 10th of July , the Greeks launched a frontal attack with five divisions on Sakarya. After the great battle of Sakarya, which continued without interruption from the 23rd of August to the 13th of September, the Greek Army was defeated and had to retreat. After the battle, the Grand National Assembly gave Mustafa Kemal the titles of Ghazi and Marshal. Mustafa Kemal decided to drive the enemies out of his country and he gave the order that the attack should be launched on the morning of the 26th of August The bulk of the enemy forces were surrounded and killed or captured on the 30th of August at Dumlupinar.
The enemy Commander-in-Chief, General Trikupis, was captured. Or the 9th of September the fleeing enemy forces were driven into the sea near Izmir. The Turkish forces, under the extraordinary military skills of Kemal Atatürk, fought a War of Independence against the occupying Allied powers and won victories on every front all over the country.
On the 24th of July , with the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne, the independence of the new Turkish State was recognized by all countries. Mustafa Kemal built up a new, sturdy, vigorous state. On the 29th of October , he declared the new Turkish Republic. Following the declaration of the Republic he started to his radical reforms to modernize the country. Mustafa Kemal was elected the first President of the Republic of Turkey.
Atatürk made frequent tours of the country. While visiting Gemlik and Bursa, Atatürk caught a chill. He returned to Istanbul to be treated and to rest, but, unfortunately Atatürk was seriously ill. He spent his last days of life on the presidential yacht of Savarona. At AM on the 10th of November , Atatürk died, but he attained immortality in the eyes of his people. Since the moment of his death, his beloved name and memory have been engraved on the hearts of his people. As a commander he had been the victorious of many battles, as a leader he had influenced the masses, as a statesman he had led a successful administration, and as a revolutionary he had striven to alter the social, cultural, economic, political and legal structure of society at its roots. He was one of the most eminent personalities in the history of the world, history will count him among the most glorious sons of the Turkish nation and one of the greatest leaders of mankind.
EVENTS IN ATATURK’S LIFE IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
Mustafa born in Salonika (Thessaloniki).
Mustafa enters the Military Preparatory School in Salonika and is given the second name “Kemal” by his teacher.
Mustafa Kemal enters the Military High School at Manastir.
Mustafa Kemal enters the infantry class of the Military Academy in Istanbul.
Mustafa Kemal graduates from the Military Academy and goes on to the General Staff College.
January11,
Mustafa Kemal graduates from the General Staff College with the rank of Staff Captain and is posted to the Fifth Army, based in Damascus.
October
Mustafa Kemal and his friends from the secret society “Fatherland and Freedom” in Damascus.
September
Mustafa Kemal transferred to Third Army and goes to Salonika.
September13,
Mustafa Kemal transferred to General Staff in Istanbul.
January9,
Mustafa Kemal successfully leads the Tobruk offensive in Libya.
November25,
Mustafa Kemal appointed Director of Operations, Mediterranean Straits Special Forces.
October27,
Mustafa Kemal appointed Military Attaché in Sofia.
April25,
Allies land at Ariburnu (Gallipoli) and Mustafa Kemal stops their progress with his division.
August9,
Mustafa Kemal appointed Commander of Anafartalar Group.
April1,
Mustafa Kemal promoted to Brigadier-General.
August,
Mustafa Kemal takes Bitlis and Mus back from the enemy.
October31,
Mustafa Kemal becomes Commander of Lightning Group of Armies.
April30,
Mustafa Kemal appointed Inspector of 9th Army based in Erzurum with wide powers.
May16,
Mustafa Kemal leaves Istanbul.
May19,
Mustafa Kemal lands in Samsun. This date was recorded as the start of War of Independence.
July8,
Mustafa Kemal resigns from the post of Inspector of 3rd Army and from the army.
July23,
Mustafa Kemal elected Chairman of Erzurum Congress.
September4,
Mustafa Kemal elected Chairman of Sivas Congress.
December27,
Mustafa Kemal arrives in Ankara with the Executive Committee.
April23,
Mustafa Kemal opens the Turkish Grand National Assembly in Ankara.
May11,
Mustafa Kemal is condemned to death by the government in Istanbul.
August5,
Mustafa Kemal appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Army by the Grand National Assembly.
August23,
The battle of Sakarya begins with Turkish troops led by Mustafa Kemal.
September19,
The Grand National Assembly gives Mustafa Kemal the rank of Marshal and the title Gazi.
August26,
Gazi Mustafa Kemal begins to lead the Great Offensive from the hill of Kocatepe.
August30,
Gazi Mustafa Kemal Pasha wins the battle of Dumlupinar.
September10,
Gazi Mustafa Kemal enters Izmir.
November1,
The Grand National Assembly accepts Gazi Mustafa Kemal’s proposal to abolish the Sultanate.
January14,
Mustafa Kemal’s mother Zübeyde Hanim dies in Izmir.
October29,
Proclamation of the Turkish Republic and Gazi Mustafa Kemal is elected as the first President.
August24,
Gazi Mustafa Kemal wears a hat for the first time at Sarayburnu in Istanbul.
August9,
Gazi Mustafa Kemal speaks at Sarayburnu on the new Turkish Alphabet.
April12,
Gazi Mustafa Kemal founds the Turkish Historical Society.
July12,
Gazi Mustafa Kemal founds the Turkish Linguistic Society.
June16,
The Grand National Assembly passes a law granting Gazi Mustafa Kemal the surname “Atatürk”.
November10,
Atatürk dies at in Dolmabahce Palace, Istanbul
source; monash.pw
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
Turkey's first President and the leader of the Turkish War of Independence
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk was the founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey. He was a division commander during the Battle of Gallipoli in and was instrumental in preventing the partition of Anatolia and Eastern Thrace through his political and military leadership in the Turkish War of Independence. The successful anti-imperialist resistance drove out the various Allied occupying forces, and ultimately led to the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in Ataturk then instituted reforms in the political, economic and cultural aspects of life in Turkey, which led to the creation of a democratic secular nation-state guided by educational and scientific progress.
Founding & History of the Turkish Republic
Atatürk is internationally known as an outstanding statesman, soldier, commander, reformer, and nation-builder who introduced many reforms with the aim of founding a new secular democratic and modern republic after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. As a visionary, revolutionary figure, and political thinker, he strove to set Turkey on a path from which Turks today vow not to stray (this path included a series of political, legal, cultural, social and economic reforms, such as the emancipation of women, change in dress and alphabet). Ataturk's legacy and principles are deeply embedded in the Turkish national consciousness, while the results of his reform and modernization movement are firmly rooted in all realms and dimensions of life in Turkey.
The Turkish people's enduring respect and gratitude for Ataturk's grasp of the future needs of Turkey, along with his nobility of purpose, is demonstrated by the love of nation and patriotism, and is a reason why his statues and photographs are so widely displayed. Turks, regardless of political party affiliation, desire to protect the national ideals which are founded on Ataturk's legacy and principles.
* The founding principles of the Turkish Republic are often referred to as "Kemalizm," "Atatürkçü Dü&#;ünce," or "Atatürkçülük" (in addition to "Atatürk &#;lkeleri ve &#;nk&#;lap Tarihi"). (Cumhuriyetin Temel &#;lkeleri)
CHRONOLOGY
Birth of MustafaKemal Ataturk to Ali Riza and Zübeyde at Salonika.
German military mission established in Ottoman Empire.
Young Mustafa enters Military Secondary School at Salonika and is given the additional name of Kemal.
Mustafa Kemal enters Military Training School at Monastir.
Revolt by students of Military Medical School in Istanbul suppressed.
17 April. Ottoman-Greek war commences, following a Greek threat to annex Crete. Peace settlement by intervention of the European Powers.
State visit of Kaiser Wilhelm II to Ottoman Empire.
13 March. Mustafa Kemal enters War College in Istanbul.
Mustafa Kemal graduates as Lieutenant, General Staff College in Istanbul.
11 January. Mustafa Kemal graduates from the General Staff College with the rank of Staff Captain and is posted to the Fifth Army, based in Damascus
October. Mustafa Kemal helps to found Fatherland (Vatan) Society in Damascus.
20 June. Mustafa Kemal promoted Adjutant-Major.
September. Mustafa Kemal posted to Third Army at Salonika.
24 July. 'Young Turk' Revolution in Salonika. Committee of Unionand Progress forces Abdulhamit to restore Constitution of andrecall Parliament.
5 October. Bulgaria proclaims independence.
7 October. Austria-Hungary annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina.
12 October. Crete votes for Union with Greece.
Mustafa Kemal sent to Tripolitania on mission for Committee of Union andProgress.
13 April. Counter-revolution in Istanbul. Union and Progressstriking force, with Mustafa Kemal as divisional chief of staff, marches on thecity from Salonika.
27 April. Deposition and exile of Abdulhamit. Succession of Mehmet V as Sultan.
Mustafa Kemal attends Congress of Union and Progress Party in Salonika.
6 September. Mustafa Kemal appointed Commander of Third Army and later Commander ofThirty-eighth Infantry Regiment.
Mustafa Kemal serves as Chief of Staff in suppression of revolt in Albania.
Mustafa Kemal sent to Paris with military mission to attend French army manoeuvres.
13 September. Mustafa Kemal is posted to the General Staff in Istanbul.
5 October. Italian invasion of Tripoli.
Mustafa Kemal with Turkish Forces at Tobruk and Derna.
27 November. Mustafa Kemal promoted to Major.
8 October - 3 December. Beginning of First Balkan War. Montenegro, Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece at war with Ottoman Empire. Severe Turkish defeats. Salonika falls to the Greeks. Mustafa Kemal leaves Cyrenaica and returns to Istanbul. Coup d'etat against Government by Union and Progress officers.
25 November. Mustafa Kemal appointed Director of Operations for relief ofAdrianople.
Fall of Adrianople.
30 May. Treaty of London between Ottomans and Balkan states.
30 June - 20 July. Second Balkan War. Bulgaria attacks Greece,Serbia and Rumania. Ottomans recovers Adrianople.
27 September. Treaty of Bucharest restores territory to Ottoman Empire.
27 October. Mustafa Kemal appointed Military Attaché in Sofia.
1 March. Mustafa Kemal promoted Lieutenant-Colonel.
28 June. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand at Sarajevo.
16 July. Mustafa Kemal sends despatch to War Minister from Sofia, urging apolicy of Turkish neutrality in the event of war, with a view to possiblelater intervention against Bulgaria and the Central Powers.
28 July. Austria declares war on Serbia, with support of Germany.
2 August. Ottoman leadership signs secret alliance with Germany.
11 August. Ottomans purchase German warships Goeben and Breslauon arrival in the Bosporus.
28 October. Ottomans shells Russian Black Sea ports.
3 November. Russia declares war on Ottoman Empire.
5 November. Britain and France declare war on Ottoman Empire.
2 February. Mustafa Kemal appointed to reorganize and command NineteenthDivision in Thrace.
19 February. Unsuccessful Allied naval attack on Dardanelles.
25 February. Mustafa Kemal establishes Headquarters of Nineteenth Divisionat Maidos on Gallipoli Peninsula.
18 March. Allied navy fails to force the Turkish Straits. Mustafa Kemal demonstrates outstanding skills as a soldier and commander throughout the battle at Canakkale.
25 April. Allied military landings at Ariburnu (Anzac Cove). Advancechecked by Mustafa Kemal with his outstanding leadership of the Nineteenth Division.
1 June. Mustafa Kemal promoted Colonel.
8-9 August. Mustafa Kemal appointed to command of Sixteenth Army Corps.
Checks second Allied advance on Gallipoli Peninsula.
9 January. Allied evacuation of Gallipoli Peninsula complete.
14 January. Mustafa Kemal posted to Adrianople in command of SixteenthArmy Corps. Transfer to Caucasus front.
1 April. Mustafa Kemal promoted General and Pasha.
27 June. Sherif of Mecca proclaims independence of Arabia.
6 - 7 August. Mustafa Kemal recaptures Bitlis and Mu&#; from Russians.
5 March. Mustafa Kemal appointed second-in-command effective Commander of Second Army.
11 March. British forces capture Baghdad.
5 July. Mustafa Kemal appointed Commander of Seventh Army in Syria.
20 September. Mustafa Kemal sends report to Government on the poor stateof the army and the country, and relinquishes his command.
October. Mustafa Kemal returns to Istanbul.
11 December. British forces capture Jerusalem.
15 December - 5 January Mustafa Kemal visits Germany with CrownPrince Vahdettin.
3 July. Death of Sultan Mehmet V.Vahdettin succeeds him as Mehmet VI.
7 August. Mustafa Kemal reappointed Commander of Seventh Army inPalestine.
19 - 30 September. British forces, under General Allenby, driveTurkish forces out of Palestine and Syria. Mustafa Kemal defends frontier northof Aleppo.
30 October. Armistice signed between Ottomans and Britain at Mudros.
31 October. Mustafa Kemal takes over command of Army Group at Adana.
7 November. Dissolution of Army Group.
13 November. Mustafa Kemal returns to Istanbul.
Allied fleets enter Istanbul.
21 November. Dissolution of Parliament.
18 January. Opening of Peace Conference at Versailles.
30 April. Mustafa Kemal appointed Inspector-General of Ninth (later Third)Army in Anatolia.
15 May. Greek forces land in Izmir, with Allied approval.
19 May. Mustafa Kemal lands in Samsun.
21 June. Mustafa Kemal issues 'Declaration of Independence' at Amasya.
Summons Nationalist Congress to be held in Sivas.
23 June. Mustafa Kemal ordered by the Ottoman Government to return to Istanbul.
8 July. Mustafa Kemal resigns from the army and is dismissed by the Ottoman Government.
23 July - 7 August. Nationalist Congress meets in Erzurum under presidencyof Mustafa Kemal. Declarations of National Pact are issued.
4 - 13 September. Nationalist Congress meets at Sivas under presidency ofMustafa Kemal. Confirmation of National Pact. Establishment of RepresentativeCommittee.
5 October. Resignation of Government.
7 November. New Parliament elected in Istanbul with Nationalistrepresentation.
27 December. Mustafa Kemal establishes headquarters in Ankara, with Representative Committee.
28 January. National Pact adopted by Istanbul Parliament.
9 February. Evacuation of French garrison from Mara&#; and start ofgeneral withdrawal from Cilicia.
16 March. Military occupation of Istanbul by Allies.
11 April. Dissolution of Istanbul Parliament.
23 April. First Grand National Assembly meets in Ankara.
11 May. Mustafa Kemal condemned to death by Sultan's Government.
10 June. Treaty of Sevres presented by Allies to Sultan's Government.
22 June - 9 July. Greek army advances into Anatolia and capturesBursa.
10 August. Treaty of Sevres signed by Sultan's Government.
24 August. Draft treaty initialled in Moscow between Soviet Unionand Nationalist Government.
28 September - 2 November. Nationalist forces invade regions with Armenian revolts and capture Kars.
2 December. Soviet Union establishes Armenian Republic at Erivan.
3 December. Treaty of Gümrü settles Turco-Armenian frontiers.
6 - 10 January. Greek advance checked at First Battle of Inonu.
20 January. Grand National Assembly at Ankara adopts ConstitutionAct, based on popular sovereignty.
23 February - 12 March. London Conference fails to reach agreement with Nationalists on modifications to Treaty of Sevres.
16 March. Treaty of Moscow between Nationalist Government andSoviet Union.
23 March - 1 April. Greeks resume offensive in Anatolia and arechecked at Second Battle of Inonu .
10 July. Greeks resume offensive and capture Eski&#;ehir.
5 August. Mustafa Kemal given full powers as Commander-in-Chief by GrandNational Assembly.
23 August - 13 September. Battle of Sakarya. Turks check Greekadvance before Ankara.
26 August. Greeks thrown back at battle of Sakarya.
19 September. Mustafa Kemal given title of “Gazi”and rank of Marshal byGrand National Assembly.
13 October. Treaty of Kars between Nationalist Government andTranscaucasian Soviet Republics.
20 October. Treaty of Ankara between Nationalist Government and France.
26 August - 9 September. Nationalist forces defeat Greeks in counter-offensive and capture Izmir, which is destroyed by fire. Turks launch final offensive against Greek forces in Anatolia; break through the following day; win decisive victory on 30 August.
23 September. Nationalist forces enter the Turkish Straits Neutral Zone.
3 - 11 October. Conference at Mudanya agrees on Armistice betweenAllies and Nationalist Government.
19 October. Resignation of Lloyd George and his Government.
1 November. Mustafa Kemal proclaims abolition of Sultanate.
17 November. Flight of Sultan Mehmet VI from Istanbul.
20 November. Opening of Peace Conference at Lausanne.
14 January. Death of Mustafa Kemal's mother, in Izmir.
29 January. Mustafa Kemal marries Latife in Izmir.
4 February. Breakdown of Lausanne Conference.
17 February. Mustafa Kemal opens Economic Congress in Izmir.
23 April. Resumption of Lausanne Conference.
24 July. Treaty of Lausanne signed in Switzerland by Turkey and the Entente powers that fought in World War I. After the conclusion of the Turkish War of Independence, this treaty recognized the Republic of Turkey as a sovereign nation.
9 August. Foundation of People's Party (Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi, CHP).
11 August. Second Grand National Assembly.
2 October. Turkish forces occupy Istanbul, following Alliedevacuation.
9 October. Ankara becomes capital of Turkey.
29 October. Proclamation of the Turkish Republic, with Mustafa Kemal asPresident.
3 March. The Caliphate is abolished, the Ottoman dynasty is exiled, religious schools are closed down, and organized Islam becomes regulated by the state.
8 April. Abolition of religious courts.
17 November. Foundation of Progressive Party.
11 February - 12 April. Revolt in eastern region.
4 March. Law for Maintenance of Public Order gives Governmentexceptional powers.
3 June. Suppression of Progressive Party.
5 August. Mustafa Kemal divorces Latife.
30 August - 2 September. Mustafa Kemal tours Kastamonu province,announcing abolition of fez,suppression of religious brotherhoods, andclosing of sacred tombs as places of worship.
17 February. Adoption of new Civil Law code.
5 June. Agreement on Mosul. Treaty of Ankara between Turkey,Britain and Irak.
15 June - 13 July. Attempted assassination of Mustafa Kemal in Izmir is uncovered.
Trial and execution of ringleaders.
1 - 26 August. Trial and execution of 'Young Turk' leaders andothers in Ankara.
1 July. Mustafa Kemal revisits Istanbul.
15 - 20 October. Mustafa Kemal makes historic speech to Congress of People'sParty (CHP).
1 November. Third Grand National Assembly. Mustafa Kemal re-electedPresident of the Republic.
3 November. Introduction of Latin alphabet.
1 January. National schools open to teach new alphabet.
4 March. Maintenance of Order Law repealed.
13 May. New commercial law adopted.
12 August. Foundation of Free Party.
17 November. Dissolution of Free Party.
23 December. Religious riot at Menemen. Trials and executions.
15 April. Foundation of Turkish Historical Society.
4 May. Fourth Grand National Assembly. Mustafa Kemal re-elected Presidentof the Republic.
12 July. Foundation of Turkish Linguistic Society.
12 August. Turkey becomes member of League of Nations.
1 February. Disturbances in Bursa over decision to recite the call to prayer in Turkish.
31 May. Istanbul University is established.
29 October. Celebration of the 10th Anniversary of the Turkish Republic.
9 January. First Five-Year Plan for industrial development.
9 February. Balkan Pact concluded between Turkey, Greece, Rumaniaand Yugoslavia.
24 November. Mustafa Kemal adopts the surname "ATATÜRK" which is given to him by the Turkish Parliament.
8 December. Women made eligible to vote in Parliamentary electionsand to become members of Parliament.
1 March. Fifth Grand National Assembly. Ataturk re-elected President of the Republic.
29 May. Dispute regarding future status of Hatay (Alexandretta)referred to the League of Nations.
20 July. Montreux Convention signed, regulating the Turkish Straits (Bosphorus and Dardanelles).
4 September. Visit of King Edward VIII to Ataturk in Istanbul.
27 January. Autonomy of Hatay agreed between Turkey, France andSyria.
9 July. Saadabad Pact signed, between Turkey, Irak, Iran andAfghanistan.
11 March. Illness of Ataturk is officially announced.
3 July. Franco-Turkish agreement to send French and Turkish troopsinto Hatay, to supervise elections.
2 September. Grand National Assembly votes nominal Republic ofHatay, with Turks in effective control.
18 September. Second Five Year Plan for industrial development.
10 November. The death of Mustafa Kemal “Ataturk,” the leader of the Turkish War of Independence and founder of modern-day Turkey.
11 November. Succession of Ismet Inonu as President of Turkey.
CHRONOLOGY
A BRIEF SUMMARY
Accession of Abdulhamit II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
Abdulhamit proclaims Parliamentary Constitution.
Russia invades Ottoman lands.
Abdulhamit suspends Constitution and dissolves Ottoman Parliament.
Russian victory confirmed by Treaty of San Stephano.
Treaty of Berlin replaces Treaty of San Stephano on July 13 after Congress ends.
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk is born in Salonika.
The young Mustafa enters the Military Preparatory School in Salonika and is
given the second name "Kemal" by his teacher.
Mustafa Kemal enters the Military High School at Manastir.
Mustafa Kemal enters the infantry class of the Military Academy in
Istanbul.
Mustafa Kemal graduates from the Military Academy and continues his studies at the
General Staff College.
January 11,
Mustafa Kemal graduates from the General Staff College with the rank of
Staff Captain and is posted to the Fifth Army, based in Damascus.
October
Mustafa Kemal and his friends become active in the little known
"Fatherland and Freedom" society in Damascus.
September
Mustafa Kemal is transferred to the Third Army and travels to Salonika.
September 13,
Mustafa Kemal is transferred to the General Staff in Istanbul.
January 9,
Mustafa Kemal successfully leads the Tobruk offensive in Libya.
November 25,
Mustafa Kemal is appointed Director of Operations (Mediterranean Straits
Special Forces).
October 27,
Mustafa Kemal is appointed Military Attaché in Sofia.
March 18,
Allied navy fails to force the Turkish Straits. Mustafa Kemal demonstrates outstanding skills as a soldier and commander throughout the battle at Canakkale.
April 25,
Allied troops land at Ar&#;burnu (Anzac Cove) along the Dardanelles; Mustafa Kemal plays a major role in stopping their advance.
August 9,
Mustafa Kemal is appointed Commander of the Anafartalar Group on the Gallipoli Peninsula.
April 1,
Mustafa Kemal is promoted Brigadier-General.
August ,
Mustafa Kemal wins Bitlis and Mu&#; back from the enemy.
October 31,
Mustafa Kemal becomes Commander, 'Lightning Group' of Armies.
April 30,
Mustafa Kemal is appointed Inspector of the 9th Army based in Erzurum and is granted extensive powers.
May 16,
Mustafa Kemal leaves Istanbul for Samsun on the Band&#;rma vessel.
May 19,
Mustafa Kemal lands in Samsun, a city located on the Black Sea.. This date marks the beginning of the Turkish national liberation movement, and is an official holiday dedicated to the youth of Turkey.
July 8,
Mustafa Kemal resigns from his post of Inspector of the 3rd Army, and from the army.
July 23,
Mustafa Kemal is elected Chairman of the Erzurum Congress.
September 4,
Mustafa Kemal is elected Chairman of the Sivas Congress.
December 27,
Mustafa Kemal arrives in Ankara with the Excutive Committee.
April 23,
Mustafa Kemal opens the Turkish Grand National Assembly in Ankara.
May 11,
Mustafa Kemal is condemned to death by the government in Istanbul.
August 5,
Mustafa Kemal is appointed Commander-in-Chief by the Grand National Assembly.
August 23,
The battle of Sakarya, led by Mustafa Kemal, begins.
September 19,
The Grand National Assembly gives Mustafa Kemal the rank of Marshal and
the title Gazi (Victor).
August 26,
Gazi Mustafa Kemal begins to lead the Great Offensive from the hill of
Kocatepe.
August 30,
Gazi Mustafa Kemal Pa&#;a wins the battle of Dumlup&#;nar.
September 10,
Gazi Mustafa Kemal enters Izmir.
November 1,
The Grand National Assembly accepts Gazi Mustafa Kemal's proposal to
abolish the Sultanate.
January 14,
Mustafa Kemal's mother Zübeyde Han&#;m dies in Izmir.
October 29,
Proclamation of the Turkish Republic. Gazi Mustafa Kemal is elected Turkey's
First President.
August 24,
As part of Turkey's modernization, Gazi Mustafa Kemal wears a hat at Sarayburnu in
Istanbul.
August 9,
As part of Turkey's reform process, Gazi Mustafa Kemal educates the public on the new Turkish alphabet at Sarayburnu.
April 12,
Gazi Mustafa Kemal establishes the Turkish Historical Society.
July 12,
Gazi Mustafa Kemal founds the Turkish Linguistic Society.
June 16,
The Grand National Assembly passes a law granting Gazi Mustafa Kemal the
surname "Atatürk."
November 10,
Atatürk died at five past nine in the morning on November 10 in Dolmabahce Palace. Mourning Turkish citizens came to Istanbul to pay their last respects to Atatürk, until November 19, when the coffin in which his body rested, covered by a Turkish flag, was taken in procession to Sarayburnu. After it was placed onto the battleship Yavuz, it was transported to Izmit and later placed on a specially designated train which travelled at a slow speed throughout the country to enable mourners to pay tribute to their leader. Once the coffin arrived in Ankara on November 20, an official funeral was held on November Dignitaries from many countries attended Atatürk’s state funeral. The coffin was moved in a solemn procession by gun carriage from the Grand National Assembly to the Ethnographic Museum, which had been selected as a temporary resting place until a mausoleum for Atatürk could be constructed.
November 10,
At five past nine on November 10, , Atatürk’s remains were taken from the Ethnographic Museum in a Turkish flag-draped coffin for burial at An&#;tkabir.
Ataturk monash.pw
Biography of Mustafa Kemal ATATÜRK, BBC
Biography of Mustafa Kemal ATATÜRK, BBC
Kemal Atatürk ()
Atatürk was a Turkish nationalist leader and founder and first president of the republic of Turkey.
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was born in in Salonika (now Thessaloniki) in what was then the Ottoman Empire. His father was a minor official and later a timber merchant. When Atatürk was 12, he was sent to military school and then to the military academy in Istanbul, graduating in
In , he served against the Italians in Libya and then in the Balkan Wars ( &#; ). He made his military reputation repelling the Allied invasion at the Dardanelles in
In May , Atatürk began a nationalist revolution in Anatolia, organising resistance to the peace settlement imposed on Turkey by the victorious Allies. This was particularly focused on resisting Greek attempts to seize Smyrna and its hinterland. Victory over the Greeks enabled him to secure revision of the peace settlement in the Treaty of Lausanne.
In , Atatürk established a provisional government in Ankara. The following year the Ottoman Sultanate was formally abolished and, in , Turkey became a secular republic with Atatürk as its president. He established a single party regime that lasted almost without interruption until
He launched a programme of revolutionary social and political reform to modernise Turkey. These reforms included the emancipation of women, the abolition of all Islamic institutions and the introduction of Western legal codes, dress, calendar and alphabet, replacing the Arabic script with a Latin one. Abroad he pursued a policy of neutrality, establishing friendly relations with Turkey&#;s neighbours.
In , when surnames were introduced in Turkey, he was given the name Atatürk, meaning &#;Father of the Turks&#;. He died on 10 November
Source: monash.pw