Els English Grammar Inside And Out Cevap Anahtarı Pdf
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CONTENTS UNIT 1
UNIT 3
THE ENGLISH VERB TENSES
1-1 THE VERB "BE' ................................................................................. 1-2 THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE.............................................. 1-3 USE OF THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE .................................. 1-4 THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE ...................................................... 1-5 USE OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE ......................................... 1-6 THE SIMPLE PRESENT or THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS ................ 1-7 NONPROGRESSIVE VERBS .............................................................. NONPROGRESSIVE or PROGRESSIVE .......................................... 1-8 1-9 THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE.............................................................. 1-10 USE OF THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE ................................................. 1-11 CONFUSING VERBS ........................................................................ 1-12 EMPHATIC "DO" ............................................................................... 1-13 THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE .................................................... 1-14 USE OF THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE ........................................ 1-15 THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE .................................................. 1-16 USE OF THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE ....................................... 1-17 THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE .............................. 1-18 USE OF THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS ......................... 1-19 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE or CONTINUOUS ............................... THE PAST PERFECT TENSE ....................................................... 1-20 47 1-21 USE OF THE PAST PERFECT TENSE PRESENT PERFECT or PAST PERFECT ........................................ 1-22 1-23 SIMPLE PAST and PAST PERFECT in TIME CLAUSES ..................... 1-24 THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE ................................... 1-25 PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS or PAST CONTINUOUS ..................... 1-26 FUTURE TIME (WILL/SHALL or BE GOING TO) ............................. 1-27 USE OF THE FUTURE TENSES ........................................................ 1-28 FUTURE TENSE in TIME CLAUSES ................................................ 1-29 THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE ............................................. 1-30 USE OF THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE .................................. 1-31 THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE .................................................. 1-32 USE OF THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE ......................................... 1-33 THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE ........................... 1-34 USE OF THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS ............................. 1-35 TENSE AGREEMENT in TIME CLAUSES ........................................... TEST YOURSELF 1 ...........................................................................
UNIT 2
MODALS & SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS
94
2-1 REQUESTS .............................................................................. 95 2-2 POLITE REQUESTS with the SUBJECT T ................................ 95 2-3 POLITE REQUESTS with the SUBJECT "YOU1 .............................................. 96 2-4 POLITE REQUESTS with "WOULD YOU MIND' .......................... 97 2-5 POLITE REQUESTS with IMPERATIVES .................................... 99 2-6 NECESSITY and PROHIBITION ................................................. 100 2-7 NECESSITY: MUST; HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO .......................... 100 2-8 PROHIBITION: MUSTN'T ........................................................ 102 2-9 LACK OF NECESSITY IN THE PAST ........................................ 103 2-10 ADVISABILITY ........................................................................ 105 2-11 SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER ....................................... 105 2-12 SHOULD NOT, OUGHT NOT TO, HAD BETTER NOT................. 106 2-13 SHOULD/SHOULDN'T BE DOING OUGHT TO/OUGHT NOT TO BE DOING................................... 107 2-14 SHOULD/SHOULDN'T HAVE DONE OUGHT TO/OUGHT NOT TO HAVE DONE ................................. 107 2-15 SHOULD/SHOULDN'T HAVE BEEN DOING OUGHT TO/OUGHT NOT TO HAVE BEEN DOING ..................... 108 2-16 EXPECTATIONS: BE TO and BE SUPPOSED TO ..................... 109 2-17 ABILITY: CAN and BE ABLE TO ............................................... 111 2-18 MAKING SUGGESTIONS ........................................................ 115 2-19 EXPRESSING DEGREES OF CERTAINTY ............................... 117 2-20 DEGREES OF CERTAINTY in PRESENT TIME ......................... 117 2-21 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF MODALS .................... 118 2-22 DEGREES OF CERTAINTY in PAST TIME .................................. 119 2-23 PAST PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF MODALS ............................ 120 2-24 DEGREES OF CERTAINTY in FUTURE TIME ........................... 121 2-25 ADVANCED NOTES ON MODALS ............................................ 122 2-26 PREFERENCE ......................................................................... 125 2-27 HABITUAL PAST: USED TO and WOULD ................................... 128 TEST YOURSELF 2 ................................................................. 131
THE PASSIVE
7 FORMING THE PASSIVE .......................................................... 8 POSITION OF TIME ADVERBIALS IN THE PASSIVE ................. 9 USING "BYPHRASE' .............................................................. 10 USING PASSIVE IN INTERROGATES ..................................... 10 INDIRECT OBJECTS AS PASSIVE SUBJECTS ............................ 13 THE PASSIVE FORM OF MODALS ............................................ 14 STATIVE PASSIVE .................................................................... 15 STATIVE PASSIVE WITH PREPOSITIONS ................................ 17 THE PASSIVE WITH "GET" ....................................................... 183-10 "BY PHRASE" OR ANOTHER PREPOSITION.............................. 213-11 IMPERSONAL PRONOUNS in the PASSIVE .............................. 263-12 PASSIVE WITH GERUNDS-INFINITIVES ................................... 273-13 ITS SAID THAT.../HE IS SAID TO... ete ....................................... 27 TEST YOURSELF 3 ................................................................. 32 32 "IF" and "WISH" CLAUSES ........................... 39UNIT 4 394-1 "If' CLAUSES ........................................................................... 404-2 TYPE 1: TRUE IN THE PRESENT OR FUTURE ......................... 464-3 TYPE 1 "IF CLAUSE ile KULLANILAN TENSE'LER ..................
144 144 145 147 148 152 155 156 157 159 161 162 163 164 173
187 187 188 188 190 191 193 193 196 202 207 209 211 213 218 221
4-4 TYPE 2: UNTRUE IN THE PRESENT OR FUTURE .................... 47 4-5 TYPE 2 "If' CLAUSE ile KULLANILAN TENSE'LER .................... 49 4-6 TYPE 3: UNTRUE IN THE PAST ............................................... 554-7 TYPE 3 "IF1 CLAUSE ile KULLANILAN TENSE'LER .................. 564-8 OTHER TENSE COMBINATIONS IN "/F CLAUSES .................. 604-9 OTHER CONDITIONALS ........................................................ 604-10 "MIXED TIME" IF CLAUSES .................................................... 624-11 OMITTING "IF' ......................................................................... 644-12 IMPLIED CONDITIONS ............................................................. 644-13 WISH CLAUSES ................................................................... 664-14 AS IF/AS THOUGH ................................................................. 66 TEST YOURSELF 4 .................................................................. 67 67 N OUN C L AU SES an d R EPOR T ED SPEEC H 234 69U N IT 5 815-1 NOUN CLAUSES WITH A QUESTION WORD ..................................
5-2 235 5-3 NOUN CLAUSES WITH "WHETHER OR NOT' ................................... 5-4 239 5-5 NOUN CLAUSES WITH "THAT' ........................................................ 5-6 ........................................................................................................ 2 5-7 42 5-8 THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN NOUN CLAUSES ......................................... 5-9 ........................................................................................................ 2 46 NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION ................ 248 NOUN CLAUSES AS SUBJECT COMPLEMENT ........................ 249 TENSE RELATIONS IN NOUN CLAUSES ................................... 249 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT NOUN CLAUSES ............. 251 QUESTION WORDS FOLLOWED by INFINITIVES ...................... 252 5-10 EXCLAMATIONS ...................................................................... 253 5-11 SPECIAL EMPHASIS WITH QUESTION WORDS + ON EARTH /IN THE WORLD ............................................................................ 254 5-12 "-EVER" WORDS in NOUN CLAUSES ..................................... 255 TEST YOURSELF 5 (PART ONE) ............................................. 258 5-13 REPORTED SPEECH .............................................................. 270 5-14 REPORTING STATEMENTS ................................................... 270 5-15 REPORTING QUESTIONS ....................................................... 275 5-16 REPORTING IMPERATIVES .................................................... 277 5-17 REPORTED SPEECH (MIXED TYPES) ...................................... 279 5-18 AUXILIARY VERBS IN SHORT ANSWERS ................................. 281 5-19 TOO and EITHER .................................................................... 281 5-20 SO and NEITHER/NOR ............................................................ 281 5-21 AUXILIARY VERBS in SHORT QUESTIONS................................ 284 5-22 "SO" and "WOT" REPRESENTING a THAT-CLAUSE .................... 285 5-23 QUESTION TAGS .................................................................... 287 TEST YOURSELF 5 (PART TWO) ........................................... 291
U N IT 6 6-1 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-5
G ER UN D S an d IN FI NI TI VES .............................. 303
GERUNDS .............................................................................. GERUND AS SUBJECT OF A SENTENCE , ...... .-....................... GERUND AS SUBJECT COMPLEMENT ................................. GERUND AS DIRECT OBJECT................................................. GERUND AS THE OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION ....................
303 303 304 305 306
1
6-6 EXPRESSIONS + GERUND ..................................................... 6-7 THE PERFECT GERUND ........................................................ 6-8 THE PASSIVE GERUND ........................................................... 6-9 INFINITIVES ............................................................................ 6-10 INFINITIVE AS SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE ......................... 6-11 INFINITIVE AS SUBJECT COMPLEMENT .................................. 6-12 INFINITIVE AS DIRECT OBJECT ............................................. 6-13 GERUND or INFINITIVE ............................................................ 6-14 INFINITIVE AFTER CERTAIN NOUNS ....................................... 6-15 INFINITIVE AFTER CERTAIN ADJECTIVES ............................. 6-16 PASSIVE INFINITIVE AND PAST INFINITIVE ........................... 6-17 INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE: IN ORDER TO ............................... 6-18 INFINITIVE WITH TOO AND ENOUGH ....................................... 6-19 VERBS OF PERCEPTION ........................................................ 6-20 INFINITIVE WITHOU T"TO"AFTER"LET" AND"HELP" .......... 6-21 CERTAIN VERBS + NOUN/PRONOUN + INFINITIVE .................. 6-22 INFINITIVE AFTER QUESTION WORDS ................................. 6-23 CAUSATIVES ......................................................................... TEST YOURSELF 6 .................................................................
314 317 317 319 319 322 323 327 332 332 334 336 337 339 341 342 343 343 348
UNIT 7
360
ADJECTIVES and ADVERBS.
7-1 ADJECTIVES .......................................................................... 7-2 THE ORDER OF ADJECTIVES ............................................... 7-3 PRESENT AND PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES ............. 7-4 ADVERBS ............................................................................... 7-5 FORMING ADVERBS WITH -LY .............................................. 7-6 USE OF ADVERBS ................................................................. 7-7 IRREGULAR ADVERBS .......................................................... 7-8 POSITION OF ADVERBS IN A SENTENCE ............................... 7-9 ADVERBS OF DEGREE .......................................................... 7-10 SENTENCE ADVERBS ............................................................ 7-11 FOCUSING ADVERBS ............................................................ 7-12 ADJECTIVE AND ADVERB STRUCTURES ............................... 7-13 TOO AND ENOUGH .............................................................. 7-14 SO... THAT, SUCH... THAT .................................................... 7-15 COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS .......................... 7-16 COMPARISON WITH AS.... AS/THE SAME.... AS .................... 7-17 SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS ........... 7-18 'TO + INFINITIVE' AFTER ADJECTIVE STRUCTURES ................ 7-19 LIKE, AS, SUCH AS ................................................................. TEST YOURSELF 7 ................................................................
UNIT 8 8-1 8-2 8-3 8-4 8-5 8-6 8-7 8-8 8-9 8-10 8-11 8-12 8-13 8-14 8-15 8-16 8-17 8-18 8-19 8-20
476 478 480 484 484 487 488 489 492
UNIT 10 CONJUNCTIONS & TRANSITIONS .........
528
10-1 COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS ........................................... 10-2 CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS .............................................. 10-3 SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS ........................................ 10-4 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME ................................................ 10-5 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES SHOWING CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS ...................................................................... 10-6 EXPRESSING PURPOSE ......................................................... 10-7 CONCESSION AND CONTRAST .............................................. 10-8 REDUCTION of ADVERBIAL CLAUSES to MODIFYING PHRASES ................................................................................ 10-9 CONTINUING THE SAME IDEA ................................................ 10-10 INVERSION.............................................................................. TEST YOURSELF 10 ................................................................
528 530 534 534
495 497 498 500 502 504 505 505 5Q6 507 507 507 509 510 516
538 545 548 561 566 568 575
... 423
DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES ............................................... 424 RELATIVE PRONOUNS AS SUBJECT OF THE CLAUSE ............. 424 RELATIVE PRONOUNS AS THE OBJECT OF A VERB ................. 426 RELATIVE PRONOUNS AS THE OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION .. 427 USING "WHOSE" AND "OF WHICH'........................................... 428 USING "WHERE' ..................................................................... 429 USING "WHEN' ........................................................................ 430 USING "WHY1 .......................................................................... 431 USING RELATIVE CLAUSES TO MODIFY PRONOUNS .............. 433 NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES ........................................ 434 SUBJECT POSITION ................................................................ 435 OBJECT POSITION ................................................................. 435 POSSESSIVE .......................................................................... 435 "WHERE' IN NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES ..................... 436 "WHEN' IN NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES ....................... 438 EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY IN RELATIVE CLAUSES ............. 438 USING "WHICH' TO MODIFY A WHOLE SENTENCE ................... 439 RELATIVE CLAUSE, NOUN CLAUSE OR ADVERBIAL CLAUSE.. 440 REDUCTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSES ...................................... 443 CLEFT SENTENCES ............................................................... 451 TEST YOURSELF 8 .................................................................. 457
UNIT 9 9-1 9-2 9-3 9-4
RELATIVE CLAUSES ...
360 362 363 367 367 367 368 371 372 382 384 385 385 386 390 396 402 406 407 411
9-5 POSSESSIVE NOUNS ............................................................. 9-6 INDEFINITE ARTICLE: A/AN ..................................................... 9-7 DEFINITE ARTICLE: THE ......................................................... 9-8 QUANTIFIERS .......................................................................... 9-9 ANY, MANY, MUCH, SOME, A LOT OF/LOTS OF, NO ................ 9-10 FEW/A FEW, LITTLE/A LITTLE ................................................. 9-11 MOST, SEVERAL, PLENTY OF, ENOUGH ................................ 9-12 ALL, WHOLE, NONE, HALF ...................................................... 9-13 BOTH, EITHER, NEITHER ....................................................... 9-14 QUANTIFIERS USED WITH SINGULAR NOUNS: ONE, EACH, EVERY ......................................................................... 9-15 OTHER EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY .................................... 9-16 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE WITH QUANTIFIERS ......... 9-17 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS ......................................................... 9-18 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS ......................................................... 9-19 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT ................................................. 9-20 BASIC SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT ...................................... 9-21 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT WITH EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY .............................................................................. 9-22 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT WITH THERE IS / THERE ARE .... 9-23 COLLECTIVE NOUNS .............................................................. 9-24 NOUNS THAT ARE ALWAYS PLURAL ....................................... 9-25 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT WITH SOME IRREGULARITIES 9-26 PRONOUN AGREEMENT ........................................................ 9-27 FORMS of "OTHER" ................................................................. TEST YOURSELF 9 .................................................................
NOUNS, PRONOUNS, ARTICLES and QUANTIFIERS .........................................
470
NOUNS .................................................................................... COUNTABLE NOUNS .............................................................. UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS ........................................................... COUNTABLE OR UNCOUNTABLE ..............................................
470 470 473 474
UNIT 11 PREPOSITIONS
588
11-1 PREPOSITIONS WITH TIME EXPRESSIONS .............................. ......................................................................................................... 588 11-2 AT, ON, IN ................................................................................ 588 11-3 PREPOSITIONS USED WITH TIME EXPRESSIONS ................... 592 11-4 PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE and MOVEMENT............................. 594 11-5 PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS ............................................... 598 11-6 NOUN + PREPOSITION ........................................................... 598 11-7 PREPOSITION + NOUN ............................................................ 601 11-8 PREPOSITION + NOUN + PREPOSITION ................................. 608 11-9 ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION ................................................... 609 11-10 VERB + PREPOSITION ............................................................. 610 11-11 VERB + OBJECT + PREPOSITION ........................................... 611 11-12 VERB + NOUN + PREPOSITION ............................................. 612 TEST YOURSELF 11 (PART ONE) ........................................... 621 TEST YOURSELF 11 (PARTTWO) ........................................... 632
....
643
UNIT 12 PHRASAL VERBS .......................... 12-1 PHRASAL VERBS: TRANSITIVE or INTRANSITIVE ..................... 12-2 TRANSITIVE PHRASAL VERBS ................................................ 12-3 INTRANSITIVE PHRASAL VERBS ............................................ TEST YOURSELF 12................................................................
643 643 644 660
APPENDIX 1 ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION ........................................ APPENDIX 2 VERB + PREPOSITION................................................. APPENDIX 3 VERB + OBJECT + PREPOSITION ................................ APPENDIX 4 COMMON PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES ......................... APPENDIX 5 MINI PHRASAL VERB DICTIONARY ...............................
671 675 676 677 679
2
UNIT1
The English Verb Tenses
INTRODUCTION WORD ORDER IN AN ENGLISH SENTENCE İngilizce bir cümlede sözcük dizimi, Türkçe sözcük diziminden farklıdır. Türkçe bir cümlede yüklem cümlenin sonunda yer alır ve özneyi de içinde barındırır.
ne Nesne Subject Object
Yüklem Verb
alışının. BEN İNGİLİZCE calışırım Ö z
Yukarıdaki cümleyi, "İngilizce çalışırım." biçiminde de ifade edebiliriz ve ikinci cümlede özneyi açık olarak göremediğimiz halde, öznenin 1. tekil şahıs olduğunu yüklemdeki -m takısından anlarız. Bu durum ingilizce için geçerli değildir. Yani ingilizce bir cümlede yüklem özneyi belli etmez. Bu yüzden, cümleye özne ile başlamak zorundayız. Formüle edilmiş olarak ingilizce cümle düzeni şöyledir: Verb Yüklem
Object Nesne
"İngilizce çalışırım." cümlesini İngilizce'de, "J study English." biçiminde ifade edebiliriz.
1-1
THE VERB'BE"
Sözcükleri rastgele bir araya getirerek cümle kuramayız. Cümle kurabilmemiz için mutlaka bir fiile ihtiyacımız vardır. "Be fiili, "come, go, study, eat, become" vb. gibi asıl fiilimiz olmadığı zaman cümle kurmamızı sağlar. "Be" fiilinin şimdiki zaman ve geniş zaman biçimi aynıdır ve bu tense'lerle "am, is, are" biçiminde kullanılır. Singular Subject Pronouns Plural Subject Pronouns I am We are You are You are He/She/It is The y ar e I am always nervous before an exam, (general) I am nervous now, because I'm taking an exam in half an hour, (present) a)
"Be" fiilini asıl fiil olarak kullanabileceğimiz başlıca üç kalıp vardır: a) be + noun I am a teacher. They are students. She is a Turk. Today is Tuesday.
b) be + adjective He is tall. The world is round. They are intelligent. It's very hot today.
c) be + prepositional phrase They are at home. Jane is from England. She is at the bus-stop. We are in the classroom. ELS Q 7
3
b)
"Be", yardımcı fiil olarak sürerlik bildiren tense'lerle de kullanılır. I am writing now. She is reading the newspaper. They are listening to music.
1 -2
THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
FORM Affirmative I am writing now. You are reading a book. He/She/It is eating lunch. We are listening to music. You are working hard. They are discussing their financial problems.
Negative I am not writing now. You are not reading a book. He/She/It is not eating lunch. We are not listening to music. You are not working hard. They are not discussing their financial problems.
Interrogative Am I writing now? Are you reading a book? Is he/she/it eating lunch? Are we listening to music? Are you working hard? Are they discussing their financial problems?
Olumsuz soruyu iki şekilde sorabiliriz. Am I not trying to help you? Are you not helping your mother? Is she not studying English?
or or or
Aren't I trying to help you? Aren't you helping your mother? Isn't she studying English?
Are we not leaving for class now? Are you not watching the film? Are they not having breakfast?
or or or
Aren't we leaving for class now? Aren't you watching the film? Aren't they having breakfast?
SPELLING OF -ING Sonu -e ile biten fiiller
write admire hope hide
Sonu bir sesli harf +bir sessiz harfle biten fiiller
TEK HECELİ FİİLLER stop stopping beg begging sit sitting
Sonu -y ile biten fiiller
writing admiring hoping hiding
İKİ HECELİ FİİLLER a) listen listening happen happening 3) prefer preferring refer referring study studying reply replying try trying
Sonu -ie ile biten fiiller
die lie tie
dying fying lying
Sonu iki sessiz harfle biten fiiller
stand hold spend
standing holding spending
shave shaving amaze amazing dine dining ride riding
Sonu -e ile biten fiillere Ing takısı eklenirken -e düşer.*
run running rub rubbing set setting
Bu gruba giren tek heceli fiillerde, sondaki sessiz harf çift yazılır.
open ripen begin control play buy enjoy
Vurgu 1. hecedeyse, sondaki sessiz harf tek yazılır; 2. hecedeyse çift yazılır. -y ile biten fiillere -Ing takısı eklenirken yazımda değişiklik olmaz.
opening ripening beginning controlling playing buying enjoying
-ie -y' ye dönüşür ve Ing eklenir. start find bend
starting finding bending
İki sessizle biten fiillere Ing eklenirken yazımda değişiklik olmaz.
* Sonu -ee biçiminde biten fiiller -Ing takısı alırken -e düşmez: see-seeing, agree-agreeing, free-freeing 8 a ELS
4
l -3
USE OF THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
a)
Bu tense ile temel olarak içinde bulunduğumuz anda yapmakta olduğumuz eylemleri anlatırız. Zamanı pekiştirmek için ise now, right now, at the moment, at present, still gibi zaman zarflan kullanırız. Mother is in the kitchen now. She is cooking dinner. - Where is your sister? - I think she is writing a letter in her room. Listen! They are talking about us. Can you hear what they are saying?
b)
Konuşmanın geçtiği sırada eylemi yapıyor olmasak bile, o sıralarda yapmakta olduğumuz işleri de bu tense ile anlatırız ve nowadays, these days, this term, this year, this month, this semester, at the moment ("şu sıralar" anlamında) gibi zaman zarfları kullanırız. - How many courses are you taking this term? - I'm taking five courses. - I haven't seen Peter recently. Have you? - No, but I talked to him on the phone last Saturday. He is very busy these days. He is redecorating his house by himself.
c)
Değişmekte olan durumları, olayları bu tense ile anlatırız.
"Everything is expensive. (Her şey pahalı.)" cümlesi, fiyatların o anki durumunu anlatır. Fakat, "Everything is getting more and more expensive. (Her şey gittikçe pahalılaşıyor.)" ifadesi, fiyatların sürekli değiştiğini, yükseldiğini gösterir. It is cold. (Hava soğuk.) It is getting colder. (Hava gittikçe soğuyor.) The economic situation in Turkey is very bad. (Türkiye'nin ekonomik durumu çok kötü.) The economic situation in Turkey is getting worse. (Türkiye'nin ekonomik durumu gittikçe kötüleşiyor.) d)
Bu tense'i, "always" ve aynı anlamı veren benzer zarflarla (perpetually, repeatedly, continually, forever, constantly) kullanarak, tekrarlanan eylemleri vurgulayabilir, ya da yakınma ve hoşnutsuzluk ifade edebiliriz. I'm a/ways hearing strange things about him. You're a/ways making mistakes. Be more careful. You're constantly smoking at the dinner table. Can't you go somewhere else?
e)
Bu tense'i, tomorrow, next week, next year, next summer gibi gelecek zaman zarflarıyla, gelecekte yapmayı planladığımız eylemleri anlatmak için de kullanırız. I'm meeting Ann next Saturday. They are giving a party next month. She is leaving Istanbul in two days.
Örneklerde görüldüğü gibi, cümle yapı olarak şimdiki zamana, anlam olarak ise gelecek zamana aittir. Aynı kullanım Türkçe'de de vardır ve bu cümleleri Türkçe'ye, gelecek zaman ya da şimdiki zaman yapısında çevirmemiz mümkündür. Son örneği şu şekilde çevirebiliriz: İki gün sonra İstanbul'dan ayrılıyor. (İki gün sonra İstanbul'dan ayrılacak.)
ELS Q 9
5
l -4
THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE FORM Interrogative
Affirmative
Negative
I get up early. You go on holiday every year. He studies hard. She cleans the house herself. It stands in the corner.
I don't get up early. Do I get up early? You don't go on holiday every year. Do you go on holiday every year? He doesn't study hard. Does he study hard? She doesn't clean the house herself. Does she clean the house herself? It doesn't stand in the corner. Does it stand in the corner?
We keep our promises. You like animals. They help people around.
We don't keep our promises. You don't like animals. They don't help people around.
Do we keep our promises? Do you like animals? Do they help people around?
Üçüncü tekil şahıs için (he/she/it) fiil, olumlu cümlede -s takısı alır. He reads a lot. She buys a newspaper regularly. The cat drinks only milk in the morning. Olumsuz cümlede ve soruda, yani "does" ya da "doesn't' bulunan cümlelerde fiil daima yalındır. He doesn't read a lot. She doesn't buy a newspaper every day. Does the cat drink milk in the morning? "have" fiilinin üçüncü şahıs biçimi "has" dir. Ancak, soruda ve olumsuz cümlede fiilin yalın hali "have" kullanılır. - Do you have a bath every day? - Yes, I do. (I have a bath every day.) - Does your son have a bath every day? - Yes, he does. (He has a bath every day.) - Does your father have breakfast in the morning? - No, he doesn't. (He doesn't have breakfast in the morning.)
1 -5
USE OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
a)
Bu tense ile, genelde yaptığımız işleri, alışkanlıklarımızı anlatırız ve always, sometimes, never, often vb. sıklık bildiren zarfların yanı sıra, every day, every month, every year, every summer gibi zaman zarflarını sıkça kullanırız. - What time do you usually get up? - I usually get up at seven o'clock.
- Does she always get up early? - Not a/ways. She sometimes gets up very late. - How often do you go to the cinema? - I go to the cinema every weekend/once a week/three times a year, etc.
- How often does your brother write to you? - He writes to me very often. 10 a ELS
6
b)
Frequency Adverbs (Sıklık bildiren zaman zarflan) always........................................................... all the time (hep, her zaman) almost always/nearly always........................ almost/nearly all the time, (hemen her zaman) very often ..................................................... (çok sık) usually/generally ........................................ (genellikle) often/frequently .......................................... (sık sık) sometimes/occasionally .............................. from lime to time (bazen, ara sıra) rarely/seldom............................................... (ender, nadiren, seyrek) hardly ever/scarcely ever/almost never ........ (hemen hemen hiç) never .......................................................... (hiç, hiç bir zaman, asla)
Yardımcı fiil bulunmayan olumlu cümlelerde bu zarflar asıl fiilden önce, yani özne ile yüklem arasında yer alır. She a/ways sings in English. I sometimes feel depressed. They seldom go to the theatre.
.
.
Bu zarflar "am, Is, are" dan sonra gelir. I sometimes go to work late./I am sometimes late for work. Sıklık bildiren zarfların olumsuz cümledeki yeri değişiktir. Always daima olumsuzluk eki "not" dan sonra gelir. I don't always get up early. She doesn't a/ways study very hard. They aren't always late for class. frequently, sometimes ve occasionally olumsuzluk ekinden önce gelir.
I sometimes don't want to be with people. She frequently doesn't want to do her homework. They sometimes aren't ready on time. She occasionally isn't polite to the people around her.
NOT€.......................................................................................................... Birinci tekil şahıs için bu kural geçerli değildir. Zarf, yardımcı fiil "am" ile "not" arasında yer alır. I'm sometimes not patient enough with children. usually, generally ve often her iki durumda da kullanılır. They usually don't go out on Sundays./They don't usually go out on Sundays. We often don't watch TV./We don't often watch TV. They generally aren't awake till 1 la.m./They aren't generally awake till 1 la.m. rarely, seldom, hardly ever, almost never ve never olumsuz cümlede kullanılmaz. Bu zarflar sadece olumlu cümlede kullanılır, ancak olumsuz bir anlam taşır. I hardly ever go to the theatre. (Tiyatroya hemen hemen hiç gitmem.) I'm hardly ever nervous before an exam. (Bir sınav öncesinde neredeyse hiç heyecanlanmam.) She never comes to her classes on time. She is never on time for her classes. (Derslerine asla/hiç vaktinde gelmez.) ELS Q II
7
Olumlu anlam taşıyan sıklık zarflarını (usually, generally, often, frequently, sometimes, occasionally) dilbilgisi kurallarına uygun bu kullanımlarının yanı sıra, cümlede vurguyu artırmak için, cümlenin başında da kullanabiliriz. Özellikle sometimes bu şekilde çok sık kullanılır. Sometimes I get angry easily. Occasionally I don't need to get up early. Usually they spend too much money on luxuries. Occasionally ve sometimes, cümle sonunda da yer alabilir. I go to the theatre occasionally. He is a bit lazy sometimes. Often, özellikle quite ve very ile birlikte kullanıldığında cümle sonunda da yer alabilir. We come to this restaurant quite often. Do you catch colds often? I don't watch television very often. Rarely ve seldom, özellikle only, very ve quite ile birlikte kullanıldığında, cümle sonunda yer alabilir. I eat meat very seldom. She smokes cigars quite rarefy.
NOT€ ------------------------------------------------------------------------- , Always bu şekilde cümle başında ya da sonunda yer almaz. Olumsuz anlam taşıyan sıklık zarflan (rarely, seldom, hardly ever, scarcely ever, never] cümlenin başına geldiği zaman cümle devrik olur. I never eat fish .................................... Never do I eat fish. He rarely smokes ................................. Rarely does he smoke. You seldom make mistakes ................... Seldom do you make mistakes. She scarcely ever visits us .................... Scarcely ever does she visit us. Ever olumlu veya olumsuz soruda kullanılır ve hiç anlamını verir. Olumsuz cümlede hiç demek için do not ever yerine never kullanılır. c)
Do you ever smoke? No, I never smoke. Don't you ever help your mother? Yes, I help her when I have time.
Doğa kanunlarını, her zaman geçerliliği olan doğruları ve genellemeleri bu tense ile ifade ederiz. A diamond is a precious stone. Water consists of oxygen and hydrogen. The Earth revolves round the Sun. Plants need water in order to grow. Water boils at 100 degrees centigrade. Wood floats in water but iron sinks.
d)
"What do you do?" sorusu kişinin neyle uğraştığını, işini sorar. Yani "Wfoar is your job/occupation?" sorusu ile aynı anlamdadır. - What do you do? - I'm a teacher.
- What does your father do? - He is an accountant.
12 Q ELS
8
"What do you do?" sorusunu bir zaman zarfıyla kullanırsak, "sözü edilen zamanda ne yaparsın" anlamına gelir. - What do you do at the weekends? - I usually meet friends. - What does your father do in the evening's? - He reads his newspaper or watches television. e)
"Why don't ..... ?" kalıbı birine öneri getirirken kullanılır. - I have a headache. - Why don't you take an aspirin? - We have nothing to eat at home. - Why don't we go out for dinner?
f)
Sinema, tiyatro gibi etkinliklerin başlama ve bitiş saatlerini, ders programlarını ya da uçak, tren, otobüs tarifelerini belirtirken, geniş zamanı gelecek zaman anlamıyla kullanabiliriz. The buses start at 6 a.m. and stop at 12 a.m. every day. (simple present) The train to Ankara leaves at 9 a.m. tomorrow and arrives there at 6 p.m. (future) Our classes usually begin at 9 and finish at 12. (simple present) . My class begins at 9 tomorrow and finishes at 12. (future)
ğ)
Gazete manşetlerinde, normalde past tense ile aktarılması gereken (olmuş, gerçekleşmiş) olaylar. Simple Present Tense ile aktarılır. A live bomb blows up a shopping centre in Israel.(=blew up) A coach collides with a train in India: hundreds killed and hundreds more wounded. (=collided)
1-6
THE SIMPLE PRESENT or THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Şimdi bu iki tense'i karşılaştıralım. a)
Konuşmanın geçtiği anda ya da o sıralarda yapmakta olduğumuz işleri Present Continuous ile (I am doing); genelde yaptığımız işleri, alışkanlıklarımızı ise Simple Present ile (/ do) ifade ettiğimizi belirtmiştik. Father is in his room now. He is resting, (now) Father always rests in his room in the afternoon, (simple present) I want to concentrate on my studies, so I'm not playing volleyball this year. I usually play volleyball at the weekend. I don't play on weekdays. ELS Q 13
9
b)
Live ve work fiilleri ile sürekli oturduğumuz/çalıştığımız yeri ifade ediyorsak, geniş zaman kullanılır. - Where do you five? - I live in Istanbul.
- Where does your father work? - He works for a construction company.
Ancak, geçici olarak ikamet ettiğimiz/çalıştığımız yeri şimdiki zamanla belirtiriz. I moved to istanbul last week, and I'm living with a friend for the time being. His company sent him abroad for a month, and now he is working in Kuwait. c)
Bazı fuller sürerlik bildiren tense'lerle (/ am doing, I was doing, I have been doing, etc.) kullanılmazlar. Bu fuller, konuşma sırasında bizzat yapılmakta olan bir eylem (action) bildirmezler, durum ifade ederler.
"I'm writing now." ifadesinde, write fiili bir eylem bildirir. Yani benim şu anda yapmakta olduğum bir işi ifade eder. "/ know English." ifadesinde ise know fiili bir eylem bildirmez. Yani, kişinin yapmakta olduğu bir işi değil, statik bir durum bildirir. Durum bildiren fiillerin Simple Present ve Present Continuous için kullanımları aynıdır. When I get up in the morning, I want to drink coffee, (simple present) I'm very thirsty. I want to drink something, (now) People need money in order to live, (simple present) I need some money. Can you lend me some? (now)
1 -7
PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) TENSE'LERLE KULLANILMAYAN FİİLLER
ı.
DÜŞÜNMEYE İLİŞKİN FULLER (MENTAL STATE) think * realize understand suppose notice feel believe recognize doubt imagine know remember
forget mean want need prefer
2.
DUYGU BELİKTEN FULLER (EMOTIONAL STATE) love dislike loathe hate appreciate fear like detest envy
mind care desire
3.
SAHİPLİK BİLDİREN FiiLLER (POSSESSION) possess have * own
belong
4.
DUYU FİİLLERİ (SENSE PERCEPTIONS)
taste *
see *
5.
hear
wish forgive
feel *
smell*
DİĞER DURUM BİLDİREN FULLER look * owe be * seem cost exist appear* weigh * advise
promise refuse contain
consist of include sound
* Yanında yıldız olan fiiller, farklı bir anlam taşıdıkları zaman, sürerlik bildiren tense'lerle kullanılabilirler.
14 Q ELS
10
1-8
NONPROGRESSIVE or PROGRESSIVE
NONPROGRESSIVE
PROGRESSIVE
think "sanmak, zannetmek'
think "düşünmek"
I think she is a student. I think they will visit us next week.
I'm thinking about going abroad next year. She is thinking about her family.
see "görmek'
see "görüşmek"
Right now, I'm looking out of the window, and I see lots of people in the street.
The doctor is seeing his patient now. The manager is seeing the applicant now.
smell "kokmak"
smell "koklamak'
This perfume smells very nice. These flowers smell awful.
Look! Mother is smelling the flowers. Why are you smelling the milk?
taste (bir nesnenin tadından söz ediyorsak)
taste "tadına bakmak'
This soup tastes awful. I can't eat it. (Çorbanın tadı berbat.) The dinner looks bad but tastes delicious. (Yemeğin görüntüsü kötü ama tadı güzel.)
Look! The judges are tasting my dish right now. I can't wait to hear the result.
feel (bir nesnenin bize verdiği duyguyu ifade ederken; "sezinlemek, ummak" anlamında)
feel "hissetmek"
This pillow feels very hard. (This pillow is very hard./Bu yastık çok sert.) I feel (that) something bad will happen. (Kötü bir şeylerin olacağını hissediyorum.)
1 feel better now./I'm feeling better now. (Şimdi kendimi daha iyi hissediyorum.)
look
look "bakmak'
"gibi görünmek'
You look ill. You'd better go home. That ladder doesn't look safe.
Why are you looking out of the window?
appear "gibi görünmek"
appear "(ortaya) çıkmak'
The teacher appears to be in a bad mood today. She appears to be bored with the film.
The comedian is appearing nightly at the Broken Door club.
weigh (bir nesnenin ağırlığını söylerken)
weigh "tartmak"
The baby weighs six kilograms.
The butcher is weighing the meat now.
'
be (genel bir durum ifade ederken am, is, are)
be (konuşma anında bir değişimi ifade ederken am/is/are being)
You are very rude. (Çok kabasın.) (Kişinin genelde kaba biri olduğunu belirtir.)
You are being rude. (Kabalaşıyorsun.) (Kişinin konuşma sırasında kaba davrandığını belirtir. "Kabalık" kişinin genel bir özelliği olmayabilir.)
have (sahiplik bildiriyorsa)
have (eylem bildiriyorsa)
I don't have much money now. She has two brothers.
She is having breakfast now. Father can't come to the phone. He is having a shower right now.
NOTC Sahiplik bildiren "have/has" "have got/has gol" biçiminde de kullanılır. I have two sisters. I don't have any brothers. = She has a car. = She doesn't have a bike. = Do you have any nephews?= Yes, I do. No, I don't. Does she have a boat? = Yes, she does. = No, she doesn't. =
=
I have got two sisters. I haven't got any brothers. She has got a car She hasn't got a bike. Have you got any nephews? Yes, I have.
No, I haven't. Has she got a boat? Yes, she has. No, she hasn't.
ELS Q IS
11
EXERCISE 1: Use either the Simple Present or the Present Progressive of the verbs given In parentheses. 1. 2.
3.
4.
5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
17.
A: What ................... you (do) ..................... here in the kitchen? B: I (taste) ................................. the soup to see if it (have) .................................... enough salt. A: ..................... you (know) .......................... the woman who (talk) ............................ to Peter over there? B: No, I (not recognize) ................................. her, but I (suppose) ................................ that she is his guest from Germany. A: Hi! How are you? B: Fine! Why .................... you (whisper) ....................................... ? A: The baby (sleep) ................................. and I (try) ................................... not to wake her. B: Oh. Which room .............. she (s7eep) .......................... in? A: Upstairs, in my bedroom. B: Well, I (not think) .................................we (be) ................................... close enough to disturb her, anyway. A: Why .............. you (take) ...................your umbrella? It (not, rain) ............................ B: I (always, take) .................................. it. Just in case! A: But it (never, rain) ................................. here in July. B: Oh, well. You (never, know) ................................... Today might be different! Nearly everybody in this town (work) .................................. at the local car factory. In fact, the company (rely) ................................. on the townspeople for its workforce, so, to stop them looking elsewhere, it (pay) ................................. really well and (provide) ................................. lots of extra facilities. Currently, it (build) ................................ a play-centre for the children of the working mothers. I (7ook) .................................. like our mother and my sister (take) ................................ after our father, but our brother (not resemble) ................................ either of them. Prices (rise) ................................. so quickly nowadays that we (even, consider) ................................ selling our car just to keep up. Mum (weigh) ..................................herself again because she (try) ................................ to lose weight in time for her holiday next month. My brother (weigh) ...................................... about 70 kg, but he (seem) ................................ heavier because he (a/ways, wear) ................................... such bulky clothes. These cultivated roses (look) ..................................so beautiful, but they (not smell) ................................ at all. Our guests (arrive) .................................. shortly, and Sarah (still, wrap) ................................ the presents. Jack is lucky. He (listen) ...................................to Brahms's music live at the Albert Hall at this very moment while we (sit) .................................. here in the office listening to the BBC orchestra on the radio. This powdered pudding is strawberry flavour, but actually, it (not taste) ................................. fruity at all. The Earth (get) ................................. warmer and warmer, which (raise) ................................ the sea-level. What lovely quality this baby outfit is! It (feel] ................................. nice and thick. A: You (look) ................................... very worried. I (hope) ................................... nothing bad has happened! B: Well, I've broken Grandma's favourite mug, and now I (think) ................................. about how to explain it to her. Don't worry about your dog. The vet (feel) ................................. his legs to check that nothing is broken.
16 Q ELS
12
18. A: Why................. you (sniff] ........................ like that? B: I (try) ................................. to decide what perfume you (wear) ................................. at the moment. A: Oh, it's Givenchy - lan's present for Christmas. B: It (smell\ .................................. wonderful. 19. A snake's skin (look) ................................... slimy, but it (not, fee/) ................................ slimy at all. 20. The conditions these Afghan refugees (endure) .......................................... in these troubled times are appalling. 21. At the moment, the judge (see) ................................. both the Defendant's lawyer and the Claimant's lawyer privately in his chamber. 22. A: ................... you (think) ........................ you (have) ...................................any chance of winning this chess match? B: Yes, I (see) .................................. a number of good moves that I can make from this position.
1-9
THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE
FORM Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I studied English.
I didn't study English.
Did I study English?
You worked hard. He/She came lale. It rained hard yesterday.
You didn't work hard. He/She didn't come late. It didn't rain hard yesterday.
Did you work hard? Did he/she come late? Did it rain hard yesterday?
We enjoyed the party.
We didn't enjoy the party.
Did we enjoy the party?
You helped a lot. They got up early.
You didn't help a lot. They didn't get up early.
Did you help a lot? Did they get up early?
Olumlu cümlede, fiillerin past tense biçimi, olumsuz cümlede ve soruda ise fiillerin yalın hali kullanılır. l lived in İzmir for five years. She didn't study hard enough to pass the exam. Did you stay home yesterday? Kısa cevapta did ve didn't kullanılır. Did you go to the cinema last week? Yes, we did. (Yes, we went to the cinema last week.) Did you visit your friends yesterday? No, I didn't. (I didn't visit my friends yesterday.)
ELS a 17
13
1-10 USE OF THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Bu tense'i geçmişte yaptığımız eylemleri, olaylan ve durumlan anlatırken kullanırız. Yesterday, last night, last week, last summer, halfan hour ago, ten days ago, two years ago vb. bu tense ile sıkça kullanılan zaman zarflarıdır. I became a teacher eight years ago. Where did you go on holiday last summer? He didn't play football last Sunday because he was ill. She left the country a few months ago. a)
Düzenli (regular) fiillerin past biçimi, fiilin yalın haline -ed eklenerek elde edilir. Present: want Past: wanted
b)
stay stayed
study studied
shave shaved
"Be" fiilinin past biçimi "was, were" biçimindedir. I lived in a village when I was a child. She was late for work yesterday, so her boss was angry with her. We weren't at home last night.
c)
Düzenli fiillerin -ed takısını almasıyla ilgili yazım kurallan şöyledir: I) Çoğu düzenli fiil -ed alır. talk - talked walk - walked
govern - governed seem - seemed
roar - roared roam - roamed
ü) Bir sessiz + bir sesli + bir sessiz harften oluşan kısa fiillerde, sondaki sessiz harf çift yazılır. grab - grabbed
stop - stopped
beg - begged
ban - banned
slim - slimmed
rob - robbed
ü!) Sonu -e ile bitenler sadece -d takısı alır. gaze - gazed
stare - stared
like - liked
smile - smiled
hate - hated
save - saved
IV) Sonu bir sessiz harf + y ile bitenlerde -y, -l olur, ondan sonra -ed eklenir. try - tried
cry - cried
apply - applied
dry - dried
fry - fried
study - studied
-y den önce bir sesli harf varsa yazımda değişiklik olmaz. play - played pray - prayed
delay - delayed decay - decayed
betray - betrayed spray - sprayed
18 Q ELS
14
d)
Düzensiz (irregular) fiillerin past biçimi ise tabloda görüldüğü gibidir. AN ALPHABETICAL LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS
SIMPLE FORM
SIMPLE PAST
PAST PARTICIPLE
SIMPLE FORM
SIMPLE PAST
PAST PARTICIPLE
arise
bet bid
bet bid
arisen been borne /born beaten/beat become begun bent bet*
fling
bear beat become begin bend
arose was, were bore beat became began bent
forbid forecast forget forgive forsake freeze
flung flew forbade/forbid forecast forgot forgave forsook froze
bid
get
got
give
gave went ground grew hung had
had
heard
heard hidden
cast catch choose cling come cost creep
bled blew broke bred brought broadcast built burst bought cast caught chose clung came cost crept
bound bitten/bit bled blown broken bred brought broadcast built burst bought cast caught chosen clung come cost crept
flung flown forbidden forecast forgotten forgiven forsaken frozen gotten * given gone ground grown hung
cut
cut
cut
deal
dealt
dealt
dig do
dug did
dug
draw
drew
eat
ate
fall feed feel fight find
fell
done drawn eaten fallen
fed
fed
felt fought found
felt fought found fit* fled
be
bind bite bleed blow break breed bring broadcast build burst buy
fit flee
bound bit
fit
fled
fly
go
grind grow hang have hear hide hit
hold hurt keep know
hid hit
hit
held hurt kept knew laid
held hurt kept known laid
lead leave lend
led
led
left lent
left lent
let lie
let lay
let
light lose make mean meet mislay mistake
lit/lighted lost made meant
lay
lain lit/lighted lost made meant
met
met
pay
mislaid mistook paid
mislaid mistaken paid
put
put
put
quit read
quit read
quit * read
rid
rid
rid
ELS G 19
15
SIMPLE FORM
SIMPLE PAST
PAST PARTICIPLE
ride ring rise
rode rang rose
ridden rung risen
run
ran
say see
said
seek sell send
sought sold sent
set
set
shake shed shine shoot show shrink shut sing
shook shed shone /shined shot showed shrank/shrunk shut sang
sit
sat
sleep slide slit speak speed spend spin spit split spread spring
slept slid slit spoke sped /speeded spent spun/span spit/ spat split spread sprang/sprung
saw
SIMPLE FORM
stand steal stick run sung said stink seen strive sought strike sold string sent swear set sweep shaken swim shed swing shone/shined take shot teach shown/showed tear shrunk tell shut think sung throw sat thrust slept understand slid undertake slit upset spoken wear sped/speeded weave spent weep win spun spit/ spat wind split withdraw spread wring sprung write
SIMPLE PAST
PAST PARTICIPLE
stood stole stuck stung stank/stunk strove struck strung swore swept swam swung took taught tore told thought threw thrust understood undertook upset wore wove wept
stood stolen stuck stung stunk striven struck/ stricken strung sworn swept swum swung taken taught torn told thought thrown thrust understood undertaken upset worn woven wept
won
won
wound withdrew wrung wrote
wound withdrawn wrung written
* Bu fiiller için American English ve British English arasındaki farklılıklara dikkat ediniz. American
British
bet - bet - bet fit - fit - fit get - got - gotten quit - quit - quit
bet - bet - bet ör bet - betted - betted fit - fitted - fitted get - got - got quit - quitted - quitted
American'English'de düzenli olan bazı fiiller British English'de düzensizdir. American: burn-burned, dream-dreamed, kneel-kneeled, lean-leaned, smell-smelled, spill-spilled, etc. British: bum-burnt, dream-dreamt, kneel-knelt, lean-leant, smellsmell, spill-spilt
ZO Q ELS
16
d)
Düzensiz (irregular] fiillerin past biçimi ise tabloda görüldüğü gibidir.
AN ALPHABETICAL LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS SIMPLE
SIMPLE
PAST
SIMPLE
SIMPLE
PAST
FORM
PAST
PARTICIPLE
FORM
PAST
PARTICIPLE
arise be bear beat become
arose was, were bore beat became began bent
arisen been
fling fly
flung
borne/born
forbid
beaten/beat
forecast forget forgive forsake
flung flew forbade/forbid forecast forgot forgave forsook froze got gave went
given gone ground grown hung
begin bend bet bid
bet bid
bind bite bleed blow
bound bit bled blew broke bred . brought
become begun bent bet * bid
freeze get
flown forbidden forecast forgotten forgiven forsaken frozen gotten *
bound bitten/bit bled blown broken bred brought
give go grind
broadcast built burst bought
hide
come cost creep cut deal dig do draw eat fall
broadcast built burst bought cast caught chose clung came cost crept cut dealt dug did drew ate fell
drawn eaten fallen
make mean meet mislay
led left lent let lay lit/lighted lost made meant met mislaid
feed feel
fed fell
fed felt
mistake pay
mistook paid
mistaken paid
fought found fit*
put
put
put
quit read
quit
quit *
read rid
read rid
break breed bring broadcast build burst buy cast
catch choose
cling
fight find fit Hee
* '
. fought found fit
cast caught chosen clung come cost crept cut dealt dug
done
fled
grow hang
have hear hit hold
hurt keep know lay lead leave lend let lie light
lose
rid
ground grew hung had heard
had heard
hid hit held hurt
kept knew
laid
,
hidden hit held hurt kept known laid led left lent let lain lit/lighted lost made meant met mislaid
ELS G 19
17
1-11 CONFUSING VERBS a) raise, raised, raised (transitive) The supermarket raised its prices twice last week. c) arouse, aroused, aroused (transitive) The man's peculiar behaviour aroused the police's suspicion. e) set, set, set (transitive) We set the chair at the head of the table. ğ) lay, laid, laid (transitive) We laid the carpet after we'd painted the walls. 1) bind, bound, bound (tie up) He bound the dog to the fence with a long rope. k) find, found, found I found your pen on top of the fridge. m) grind, ground, ground (crush into powder) In the past people ground wheat into flour using large stones. o) wind, wound, wound (twist, turn) He wound the string into a tight ball. q) fall, fell, fallen She fell as she was getting off the bus. s) see, saw, seen They saw an accident while driving to work. u) hang, hung, hung (suspend something) They hung a flag from the window for Republic Day.
b) rise, rose, risen (intransitive) Prices rose three times last week. d) arise, arose, arisen (intransitive) Their suspicion arose because of the man's peculiar behaviour. f) sit, sat, sat (intransitive) My father sat at the head of the table. h) lie,* lay, lain (intransitive) I lay on the sofa after dinner and went to sleep. J) bound, bounded, bounded (1. border 2. jump) Luxembourg is bounded by Belgium, Germany and France. The dog was bounding across the field. 1) found, founded, founded (establish) Mao Tse-Tung founded the People's Republic of China. n) ground, grounded, grounded (compli to stay on the ground) The authorities grounded the plane for safety checks. p) wound, wounded, wounded (injure) The gun shots wounded several people. r) fell, felled, felled (cut down) They felled the tree because it was getting too big. t) saw, sawed, sawed/sawn (cut with a saw) He sawed the wood into equal lengths. v) hang, banged, hanged (kill someone by hanging) The leader of the Pakistani military coup, General Zia ul-Huq, hanged President Bhutto in 1979.
' Lie "yalan söylemek' anlamındaysa, düzenli bir fiildir: She fled to us about her coming late.
ELS Q XI
18
EXERCISE 2; Choose the correct word in parentheses. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.
He (bound/bounded) the package with string so that it wouldn't come undone in the post. Fewer difficulties than expected (arose/aroused) during the meeting. Siddhartha Gautama, who came to be known as Buddha, (found/founded) Buddhism, one of the major religions of Asia. Obviously not many of the students understood the teacher's question, because only a few (raised/rose) their hands to answer. The nurses (laid/lay) the patient gently on the bed so the doctor could examine him. After the ship (ground/grounded] itself on the rocks, the crew had to abandon it. Because of her conscientious attitude, she has (raised/risen) rapidly to a senior managerial position. You've (seen/sawn) more off one leg than the others, so now the table won't stand up properly. The silly girl (wound/wounded] her scarf round her neck so tightly that she nearly strangled herself. The townspeople were so outraged that they (hung/hanged) the accused man before he had even had a proper trial. Look, your daughter's crying! I think she's just (fallen/felled) off her bicycle. After cutting and polishing the sapphire, the jeweller (set/sat) it in a gold necklace. He accidentally (wound/wounded) his leg while chopping wood. The doorman took Robert's coat and (hanged/hung) it on the coat stand by the reception desk. At yesterday's race, one rider was thrown from his horse when it bolted at the second jump, and the animal (bound/bounded) around the rest of the track without a jockey. Marie (grounded/ground) some almonds, then added sugar and eggs to prepare the marzipan paste for the wedding cake. In February 1998, they ceremoniously (laid/lay) the foundations of the new airport in Istanbul. On our last summer holiday, we (laid/lay) in the sun most of the time and only (saw/sawed) a few of the tourist attractions. The butcher (rose/raised) his eyebrows in surprise when he heard the news. Sir Isaac Newton came up with his ideas about gravity after an apple (fell/felled] from a tree onto his head. As he had not written the directions clearly, Mark only (found/founded) the craft shop after almost an hour of walking around. The genuine 16th-century Ottoman tiles (arose/aroused) the interest of several buyers in the auction room. As the chairman (rose/raised) to speak, the room immediately became silent. The drummer (sat/set) at the back of the stage behind the rest of the group. Doubts (aroused/arose) about the man's real identity because of his strange accent and his nervous behaviour.
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EXERCISE 3: Complete the sentences with the Simple Past forms of the Irregular verbs In the list. Use each verb only once. arise creep
dig hold feed
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
fall feel
spring forbid hide
slide forgive keep lay lie
As a child, I ............................... caged birds, but now I don't, as I no longer like seeing them in captivity. The meeting should have been quite short, but the question of finance .............................. , so it took longer than expected. I ...............................into the house really quietly last night in the hope that my parents wouldn't notice how late I was. I ...............................him for borrowing the car without my permission, but not for lying about it when I first asked. I'm sorry I didn't turn up last night, but I ............................... down on my bed for a few minutes' rest and accidentally went to sleep! They ............................... the party at a friend's house because theirs wasn't big enough. His father................................ him from listening to rock music in the house as he insisted on playing it so loudly. She ............................... the table for ten people, but in fact, only six of the invited guests came. I was late for work this morning because my daughter ................................ my car keys from me and then couldn't remember where they were. He................................ badly when he was playing football and fractured his ankle. My neighbour was furious when our dog ............................... a big hole in his flowerbed. It's not surprising that he ............................... so ill this morning. He drank far too much wine last night. She must have been waiting for an important call, because the minute she heard the phone ringing, she ............................... to her feet and rushed to answer it. My wife was so angry with me for being late that she ................................ my dinner to the dog! As he .............................. slowly off his chair and collapsed into a heap on the floor, I realized he was drunk.
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EXERCISE 4: Complete the sentences with the Simple Past forms of the irregular verbs in the list Use each verb only once. bear bet bind deal eat 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
fight freeze grow leave ride
seek shed tear throw wind
My brother and I ............................... like cat and dog when we were children, but now we get on quite well. The children are upset because they accidentally ................................ their ball over the neighbour's wall and they won't be able to get it back until he comes home. I can't believe that the first time you ............................... a bike was when you were twenty! The kidnappers ............................... his arms and legs to a chair so that he couldn't move. It was so cold last night that the locks on my car literally .................................. I've only ever been to the horse races once; I ................................ on three horses and they all won! Unfortunately, I ................................ my shirt on a nail when I was trying to put up some shelves. My grandmother used to live in a little cottage with a beautiful, flowering, climbing plant which ............................... up the walls and round the windows. Unable to find sufficient investors, the company ................................the cost of the expansion itself. During the first month of her diet, she ................................ over three kilos. When he ............................... school, he chose to start working immediately rather than continue his studies. You ............................... all the bread at breakfast, so if you want a sandwich now, you'll have to buy some more. You ............................... the cards without shuffling the pack, so you'll have to start again. As a child, whenever she was unhappy, she ................................ comfort from her grandmother. I'm certain I................................ the clock last night, so I have no idea why the alarm didn't go off.
EXERCISE 5: Complete the sentences with the Simple Past forms of the Irregular verbs In the list Use each verb only once. bend burst choose cost broadcast 1. 2. 3. 4.
forecast draw flee fly grind
lead light mistake mislay shake
The weathermen ............................... a sunny day this morning, but so far it's done nothing but rain. He................................ his key, so he had to break a window to get in. We ............................... to Antalya because it was faster, but came back by bus because of the price. The little girl had only had her balloon for five minutes when it ................................ so her mother had to buy her a new one.
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5.
It............................... more than expected to redecorate the house, but fortunately, we had some money saved. 6. In order that we'd have no problems finding the house, he ................................ a map for us. 7. Even though I................................ him several times, he wouldn't wake up. 8. The rebels ............................... over the border as the government's troops approached. 9. Television companies from all around the world ................................ the unique event. 10. I walked up to a complete stranger yesterday, and said, "Hello," because I .............................. him for a friend of mine. 11. We ............................... the blue fabric, as the brown wouldn't go with anything in our house. 12. In the village we visited, the people ............................... wheat to make flour using the traditional method. 13. Because he didn't have any matches, he ................................his cigarette using the electric stove. 14. The plumber ............................... the pipe to fit into the space under the sink. 15. Five minutes before the end of the match, our team ................................ by 3 goals to 2 and looked certain to win, but the other side equalized just before the final whistle. EXERCISE 6: Complete the sentences with the Simple Past forms of the Irregular verbs In the list. Use each verb only once. shrink bite forget hang hurt 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
lose ring rise sell shine
spin undertake wear weave withdraw
The telephone ............................... about fifteen times before it was answered. Can you remember where you were when you ................................ your purse? For the interview, she ............................... a grey suit and matching shoes. He................................ his leg badly and had to take a few days off work. The minute I ............................... the washing out, it started to rain. The company ............................... its support when they heard the news of the scandal. I was really upset when my new jumper ............................... after only the first wash. Because the sun ............................... in my eyes so strongly, I found it impossible to see anything. In the past, people ............................... wool by hand. As he ............................... to his feet, we could clearly see his look of anger. It's not my fault that we ................................ the camera - you didn't think about it either. When the dog ............................... her, you should have taken her straight to the doctor. They ............................... the car because they needed the money for their business. The skill with which the women ................................ the carpets was incredible. Because of the unreliability of the post, he ............................... to deliver the package himself. ELS Q 25
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EXERCISE 7: Complete the sentences with the Simple Past forms of the verbs In the list. Some of the verbs are regular and some are irregular. Use each verb only once.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
bleed play buy climb
fall swear fell see
sweep saw slip miss
strike
attend
split
After we ................................. to the top, we were able to appreciate just how spectacular the view was. I .................................. Mary in town yesterday, but it was so crowded that I don't think she noticed me. When he .................................. for the second time, I warned him not to use such bad language. I only .................................. the dress because I thought I could wear it to work. He................................... football professionally when he was younger. I enjoyed living and working overseas immensely, but the only problem was that I ................................ my family and friends so much that I always wanted to go home. At least three people ................................. on the ice as they walked down the road. The contractors .................................. over half of the trees to make way for the new road. The wound looked very serious but can't have been, as it hardly ................................. at all. During the tennis match, he ................................... the ball so hard that it went right out of the court. You should have measured the space before you ..................................the wood as, now, the shelves aren't big enough. I only ...................................the balcony ten minutes ago, but now it's covered in leaves again. Fortunately, he wasn't injured when he ................................... off the ladder. As my father's job involved a lot of travelling, I .................................. several different schools. He................................... the seam of his trousers today, so he can't wear them for the moment.
1-12 EMPHATIC "DO" Simple Present ve Simple Past tense'lerle, normalde, olumlu cümlede "do/does, did' kullanılmaz. Ancak vurguyu artırmak için bu yardımcı fiilleri olumlu cümlede kullanabiliriz. Bu durumda, her iki tense ile de asıl fiil yalın haliyle kullandır. - Your brother doesn't like fish, does he? - Yes, he does like fish. - You don't help your mother with the housework, do you? - Yes, I do help my mother whenever I have time. - You didn't go to school yesterday, did you? - Yes, I did go to school yesterday. 26 Q ELS
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1-13 THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE FORM Affirmative I was working. You were studying. He/She/It was eating lunch We were laughing. You were talking. They were arguing.
Negative I wasn't working. You weren't studying. He/She/It wasn't eating lunch. We weren't laughing. You weren't talking. They weren't arguing.
Interrogative Was I working? Were you studying? Was he/she/it eating lunch? Were we laughing? Were you talking? Were they arguing?
- Where were you living this time last year? -1 was living in İzmir. - What were you doing at 9 p.m. last night? - I was watching television.
1-14 USE OF THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE a)
Bu tense'i, geçmişte belli bir noktada yapmakta olduğumuz eylemleri anlatırken kullanırız. This time last year, this time last winter, at this hour yesterday, yesterday at 3 o'clock etc. bu tense ile sık kullanılan zarflardır. This time last summer, I was lying on the beach in Göcek, but now I'm working hard to finish this book. What were you doing at around noon last Saturday? I was playing football with friends.
b)
Geçmişte bir eylemi, başlangıç ve bitiş zamanını belirterek anlatıyorsak, Past Continuous Tense kullanırız. (Bu tür cümlelerde Simple Past Tense kullanmak da mümkündür.) I was watching a film on television from nine until eleven last night. He was working as an accountant from 1985 to 1989. ELS a 27
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c)
Past Continuous (/ was doing) ile Past Tense (/ did) arasındaki kullanım farkına dikkat ediniz.
Eğer, geçmişte tamamladığımız bir eylemden söz ediyorsak Simple Past Tense kullanırız. (Önemli olan belli bir zamanda 'We yapıyordum?" değil, "Ne yaptım?"dır.) - What did you do last night? - I watched television first, then I studied English. Eğer, geçmişte tamamladığımız bir eylemi değil de, sözü edilen zamanda yapmakta olduğumuz işi anlatıyorsak, Past Continuous Tense kullandır. (Önemli olan "Ne yaptım?" değil, "Ne yapıyordum?" dur.) - What were your parents doing when you got home last night? - They were waiting for me to eat dinner with them. d)
Sürerlik bildiren tense'lerle kullanılmayan fiiller (non-progressive verbs), Past Continuous Tense ile de kullanılmaz. I already knew the news about him. (Ben onunla ilgili haberi zaten biliyordum.) She thought that I would go to the party as well. (Partiye benim de gideceğimi zannediyordu.) The flowers looked nice yesterday, but now they are fading. (Çiçekler dün güzel görünüyordu, ama şimdi soluyorlar.)
e)
Geçmişteki alışkanlıklarımızı ya da sık sık yaptığımız eylemleri Simple Past Tense ile anlatırız. I went to the cinema very often when I was at university.
Yukarıdaki cümleyi Türkçe'ye iki şekilde çevirebiliriz. " Üniversitedeyken sinemaya çok sık giderdim." ya da "Üniversitedeyken sinemaya çok sık gidiyordum." Bu cümledeki "gidiyordum" Sadesi ilk anda Past Continuous Tense gibi görünse de, geçmişte belli bir noktada devam etmekte olan bir eylemi değil de, genelde olan bir eylemi anlattığı için Simple Past Tense kullanmamız gerekir. When he was young, he played football in the school team, (general in the past) When I saw him yesterday, he was playing football, (a specific point in the past)
f)
WHEN and WHILE SENTENCES
Past Continuous Tense "when" ve "while" cümlelerinde çok sık kullanılan bir tense'dir. Geçmişte devam etmekte olan bir eylem sırasında bir başka eylem olmuşsa, bu durumu şu cümlelerle ifade ederiz. I was eating dinner when the guests arrived. (Konuklar geldiğinde yemek yiyordum.) I hurt my leg while I was playing football. (Futbol oynarken bacağımı incittim.)
WHEN I.
"When" ile kurulmuş bir zarf cümleciği (adverbial clause), genellikle temel cümledeki (main clause) eylemin devam etmekte olduğu zamanı açıklar. "Bir eylem olduğunda bir başka eylem oluyordu" biçiminde bir anlam taşır. Bu nedenle "when" in bağlı bulunduğu cümlede Simple Past, temel cümlede ise Past Continuous kullanılır. ı
He came in. I was studying. 28 Q ELS
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When he came in. adverbial clause 4
I was studying. (O içeri girdiğinde, ben ders çalışıyordum.) main clause
I was reading1 when he came in. (O geldiğinde, ben kitap okuyordum.) When I went out, it was raining. (Dışarı çıktığımda yağmur yağıyordu.) They were arguing when I entered the room. (Odaya girdiğimde, tartışıyorlardı.)
When + Simple Past, Past Continuous II.
"When" arka arkaya yapılmış eylemleri anlatmak için de kullandır. Bu durumda her iki cümlenin de tense'i Simple Past'dır. When he arrived, we went into the cinema. (First he came. Then we entered the cinema.) (O gelince, sinemaya girdik.) When he left work, he got on a bus and went home. When the teacher asked a question, I raised my hand to answer it. fir
'When + Simple Past, Simple Past
WHILE I.
"While" cümleciği genellikle, temel cümledeki eylem sırasında devam etmekte olan bir başka eylemi anlatmak için kullanılır. Bu nedenle, "while" in bağlı bulunduğu cümle Past Continuous, temel cümle ise Simple Past'dır.
He came in. While I was studying, adverbial clause
he came in. (Ben ders çalışırken o geldi.) main clause
I left home while my parents were sleeping. I took a photograph while you weren't looking.
While + Past Continuous, Simple Past
NOT€ ---------------------------------------------------------------26
Bu tür cümlelerde "while" yerine "when" kullanmak da mümkündür, ancak "while" kullanımı daha yaygındır. When/While I was walking home from work, I bumped into an old friend on the street. Very often, stray dogs and cats are hit by cars when/while they are crossing the street. Yesterday, a stray dog was nearly hit by a car when/while it was crossing the street. I
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II.
"While" cümleciği, temel cümledeki eylemle aynı anda olan bir eylemi anlatmak için de kullanılır. Bu durumda her iki cümle de Simple Past Tense ile kurulur.
I sang while I washed the dishes. (Bulaşıkları yıkarken şarkı söyledim.) She watched me while I made the cake. (Ben kek yaparken o beni izledi.) I watted outside while she had an interview. (O görüşme yaparken ben dışarıda bekledim.)
While + Simple Past, Simple Past III.
"While" birbirine paralel devam eden iki eylemi anlatmak için de kullanılır. Bu durumda her iki cümlede de Past Continuous Tense kullanılır. "While"ın bu biçimde kullanımıyla genellikle yakınma, içerleme gibi duygular ifade edilir.
While the teacher was lecturing, the students were talking among themselves. (Öğretmen ders anlatırken öğrenciler kendi aralarında konuşuyorlardı.} I was studying while everybody at home was sleeping. (Evde herkes uyurken ben ders çalışıyordum.) While + Past continuous, Past IV.
"While" ile aynı anlamı veren bir diğer bağlaç "as" dir. While/As I was coming here, I ran into an old friend. I had a look at the old magazines while/as I waited at the doctor's.
"Just as", daha vurgulu bir anlatımdır.
The postman came Just as I was leaving home. (Tam ben evden çıkarken, postacı geldi.) Just as I sat down at the table, the phone rang. (Tam masaya oturdum ki telefon çaldı.) g)
Past Continuous Tense, "always, continually, forever, etc." gibi zarflarla, (Present Continuous Tense'de olduğu gibi) sürekli tekrarlanan eylemleri ya da yakınma ifade etmek için de kullanılır. You were forever reading books when you were a child. I was always making mistakes when I was in primary school.
h)
Resmi ortamlarda nazik bir biçimde soru sorarken ya da ricada bulunurken, özellikle "hope" ve "wonder" ile Past Continuous Tense çok sık kullanılır. Bu tür cümlelerde past bir yapı kullanılmasına rağmen, anlam present1 tır. - I was wondering if you could help me fill in this form. - Certainly, Madam. Which section do you have difficulty understanding? - I was hoping you could give me a lift to the airport. - Of course. One of our representatives will drive you there after the meeting.
30 o ELS
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EXERCISE 8: Use either the Simple Past or the Past Continuous of the verbs In parentheses. 1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.
When 1 (leave) .................................. work yesterday, it (rain) ................................... heavily. It (continue) .................................. to rain while 1 (drive) ................................... home. When I (arrive) .................................. home, it (still, rain) ...................................... When I (go) .................................. round the bend, I (see) ................................... a van in my lane. It (overtake) ................................. another van and (come) ......................... right at my car. I (step) ................................. on the brakes heavily and (swerve) .................................to the right. 1 (barely, avoid) ................................... the accident. 1 (have) .................................. breakfast when she (phone) ................................... me. While I (have) .................................. breakfast, she (phone) ....................................me. When my sister (be) .................................. a child, she (have) .................................. poor eyesight, so she (wear) ................................. glasses. While I (try) .................................. to concentrate on my studies, my friend (play) ................................. her music very loudly in the next room. He (jog) .................................. regularly every day until he (get) .................................... too old. He (jog)................................... vigorously when I (meet) ................................... him the other day. When she (see) .................................. me, she (stop) ................................... the car and (get out) .................................. of it to talk to me. When I (see) .................................. her, she (drive) ................................... down the road. You (drive) ................................... too fast at the time, so it's not surprising that you (hit) ..................................that other car. A: Why ................... you (turn) ................................ the television off? B: Because it (distract) ................................ me from my work. Just as the plane (take) ................................. off, one of the engines (burst) ................................. into flames, so the pilot (have to) .................................... make an emergency landing. When 1 (hear) .................................. them, they (come) ................................... down the driveway, so I (know) ................................. I (have) .................................. less than a minute to hide their birthday presents, which I had been wrapping. I (still, hide) .................................. their presents when they (ring) ................................. the door bell, so it (take) ................................... me some time to finish my job and then answer the door. When the robber (shoot) .................................. the man, he (shake) ................................. convulsively for a while before he (fall) ................................... to the ground. Just as we (sit) ..................................down for a snack in the airport restaurant, they (announce) ................................. our flight. Margaret (seem) .................................. really happy at the party last night, but Peter (tell) ................................. her something just as they (leave) .................................... and then she (sulk) .................................... I wonder what the problem was! As she (pour) ................................. the tea out, she (spill) ................................... some on the table. Only this time on Saturday, we (look) .................................. in the window of the travel agent's. Now we are looking right at the Pyramids. THE RHINO'S ADMIRER A guy elephant took his girlfriend - an avid movie fan - to a film (opening. While she waited in the lobby, he went off to buy a couple of bags of popcorn. An aggressive rhinoceros approached the pretty elephant and introduced himself. "Hi," he said smoothly. "My name is Neal." The elephant trumpeted loudly and fainted. In the confusion, the rhino fled. The guy elephant rushed up to his girlfriend. "What happened?" he asked. She batted her eyelids and answered, "I just met Rhino Neal!" (by Mike Savage, from Reader's Digest)
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1-15 THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
FORM Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I have watched that film. I have not watched that film. You have seen him twice. You have not seen him twice. He/She/It has eaten lunch. He/She/It has not eaten lunch.
Have I watched that film? Have you seen him twice? Has he/she/it eaten lunch?
We have invited her. You have worked hard. They have visited us.
Have we invited her? Have you worked hard? Have they visited us?
We have not invited her. You have not worked hard. They have not visited us.
Bu tense'i oluşturmak için have/has + past participle (fiillerin üçüncü hali kullanılır. Have/has ve have not/has not genellikle kısaltılmış olarak kullanılır. I've seen that film before./You haven't seen that film. He's seen that film twice before./She hasn't seen that film yet. Olumsuz soruyu iki şekilde sorabiliriz. I. Kısaltma yapmadan: Have you not seen that film yet?/Has she not seen that film before? II. Kısaltma yaparak: Haven't you seen that film yet?Hasn't she seen that film before?
1-16 USE OF THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE a)
Geçmişte yaptığımız eylemleri zaman vermeden anlatıyorsak, bu tense'i kullanırız. She has removed all the furniture in the house. They have painted their house.
Ancak, aynı eylemleri zamanı belirterek ifade edersek, Simple Past kullanmamız gerekir. She removed all the furniture in the house last weekend. They painted their house a few weeks ago. Geçmişte yaptığımız eylem için zaman zarfı kullanmasak bile, eğer zamanı ima ediyorsak, yine Simple Past kullanırız. "/ saw that film when I was in Ankara." cümlesinde kesin olarak bir zaman vermesek de, "when I was in Ankara" geçmişte belli bir dönemi ifade etmektedir. I went shopping after work, ("after work' belli bir zamanı belirtmektedir.) I met him in İzmir. ("in İzmir" ifadesi yer belirtmesine karşın, "İzmir'de bulunduğum dönemde" anlamını ima etmektedir.) 32 Q ELS
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Present Perfect Tense ile sorulan sorulara yanıt verirken, yine bu kurallara dikkat etmeliyiz. - Have you met his girlfriend? -Yes, I have, (or No, I haven't) - Have you met his girlfriend? - Yes, I met her last week, (or I met her at Alice's party.) - Have you seen my glasses? - Yes, I have. ( or No, 1 haven't.) - Have you seen my glasses? - Yes, I saw them on the kitchen table a few minutes ago. b)
Yakın geçmişte olup sonuçlan ya da etkileri içinde bulunduğumuz anda devam eden eylemler için bu tense'i kullanırız. I have burnt myself. (I'm in pain now. - Şu anda acı çekiyorum.) I've cleaned the house. (It's clean now. )
(meeting a friend in the street) - You've cut your hair! - Yes, I went to the barber's last week. c)
Today, this morning, this week, this month, this year, this century vb., henüz. tamamlanmamış bir dönem ifade eden zarflarla bu tense kullanılır. I've been to the cinema twice this week. I havent been able to go on holiday this year. Technology has advanced greatly this century.
"This morning', "this afternoon" ve "this evening' ifadelerini kullanırken, saat kavramına dikkat etmemiz gerekir. Genellikle saat 13:00'e kadar olan süre sabah (morning), 17:00'ye kadar öğleden sonra (afternoon), 17:00-20:00 arası ise akşam (evening) saatlerini bildirir. Bu durumda: I haven't heard the alarm this morning. ifadesini, sabah diliminin henüz bitmemiş olduğu bir saatte, örneğin saat 11-12 gibi söyleyebiliriz. Eğer öğleden sonraki bir saatte, örneğin saat 2'de bu sözü söylüyorsak, artık "sabah" dilimi tamamlanıp yeni bir döneme geçilmiş olduğu için, o eylem geçmişte kalmıştır ve Simple Past Tense kullanmayı gerektirir.
I haven't heard the alarm this morning. (It's 11 a.m. now.) I didn't hear the alarm this morning. (It's 2 p.m. now.) I've seen Tom this afternoon. (It's 3 p.m. now.) I saw Tom this afternoon. (It's 6 p.m. now.) This year, this month, this century gibi kullanımlarda, eğer sözü edilen zaman dilimi tamamlanmışsa, "this" yerine "last" kullanılır. I have worked hard this week. (The week hasn't finished yet.) I worked hard last week. They have phoned me twice this month. They phoned me twice last month. ELS
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d)
Lately, recently ile kullanımı:
"Son zamanlarda, son günlerde" anlamına gelen lately ve recently, Present Perfect ile kullanıldığında, yine kesin bir zaman belirtmeden, yaptığımız işleri anlatır. Bu zarflar özellikle, haber niteliği olan son gelişmeleri ifade ederken çok sık kullanılır. There has been great progress in the science of medicine recently. There have been some changes in my house lately. Have you seen your parents recently? "Recently", özellikle only, quite, just ve very ile birlikte, Simple Past Tense ile de kullanılır ve "a short time ago" anlamını verir. They came quite recently. (They came quite a short time ago.) She passed her exam only recently. (She passed her exam only a short time ago.) e)
Already, Just ve yet ile kullanımı:
"Yet" soruda ve olumsuz cümlede kullanılır ve normal olarak cümlenin sonunda yer alır. - Have you finished your homework yet? - No, I haven't finished it yet. - Is your father at home? - No, he hasn't come yet "Just", olumlu cümlede kullanılır ve "only recently" (henüz, şimdi, yenice) anlamını verir. Eylemin yapılmasından sonra geçen sürenin kısalığı ile ilgili vurguyu artırmak için, "only Just" kullanılır. "Just" cümlede, yardımcı fiille asıl fiil arasında yer alır. - Is the manager in? - No, he has Just gone out. - Have you finished your homework? - Yes, I've Just finished it. (I've only recently finished it.) I have only Just completed the translation. "Already", olumlu cümlede kullanılır ve "zaten, çoktan" anlamına gelir. Bir eylemin umulandan daha önce bir zamanda yapılmış olduğunu vurgular. Cümle içindeki yeri normalde yardımcı fiil ile asıl fiil arasındadır, ancak cümle sonunda da kullanılır. - Shall we go to see the film "The Lord of the Rings"? - Not a good idea! I have already seen it. Manager: Don't forget to mail the invitations in time. Secretary: I've already posted them. Mother: Wash your hands before you sit at the table. Son: I've washed them already. f)
Ever, never, all my life, in his life, always, occasionally, often, several times, once, twice, etc. gibi zarflarla kullanımı:
Daha önce, sıklık bildiren zarfların (ever, never, always, often, etc.) Simple Present ile kullanımını görmüştük. Aynı zarflar, anlamda biraz bir değişiklikle, Present Perfect Tense ile de kullanılır. 34 Q ELS
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I always get up early. (Simple Present - Ben her zaman erken kalkarım. "Bugüne kadar hep erken kalktım.Bundan sonra da büyük bir olasılıkla erken kalkacağım. Bu benim alışkanlığım." anlamını verir.) I have always got up early. (Present Perfect - "Ben her zaman erken kalkmışımdır." ifadesi, yaşamımın sadece şu ana kadar olan bölümünü kapsar.) My father has always lived in his hometown. (He has lived in his hometown all his life.) I've never seen such a pretty dog in my life. Have you ever ridden on an elephant? No, I've ridden on a camel once, but I've never ridden on an elephant. Once, twice, three times, several times, many times (bir kez, iki kez, üç kez, bir kaç kez, pek çok kez) gibi zarflarla, bir eylemi yaşamımız boyunca kaç kez yaptığımızı ifade etmek için Present Perfect Tense kullanırız. - Have you ever been abroad? - Yes, I've been to Germany several times. She has invited me to her house many times, but I've never had any spare time. I've seen her parents only once.
NOT€ Bu zarfların Simple Past Tense ile kullanımına dikkat ediniz. "She has invited me to her house many times, but I've never had any spare time." cümlesini, geçmişte zamanı belirterek verirsek. Simple Past kullanmamız gerekir. She invited me to her house many times during my stay in Germany, but I never had any spare time. "My father has lived in his hometown all his life." cümlesinden, babamın hayatta olduğu anlamını çıkarıyoruz. Artık hayatta olmayan birinin yaptığı işlerden söz ediyorsak, Simple Past Tense kullanmamız gerekir. My grandfather lived in his hometown all his life. (He is dead now.) I have never .flown in an aeroplane. My grandmother never flew in an aeroplane. (She isn't alive any more.) I have ridden on a camel twice. It is very exciting. When I was in Egypt, I rode on a camel twice. It was very exciting
g)
So far (up to now, until now] ile kullanımı:
"So far", "şu ana kadar" anlamına gelir ve genellikle, so far today, so far this month, so far this semester, so far this summer, etc. gibi zarflarla birlikte kullanılır. It hasn't snowed so far this winter. I got many bad grades last semester, but I haven't had any low grades so far this term. We haven't eaten anything so far today. So far this summer, I have swum in the sea only once. ELS a 35
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h)
For ve Since ile kullanımı:
"For", geçmişte belli bir noktadan içinde bulunduğumuz ana kadar devam eden bir süreç bildirir, (for two years, for a month, for five minutes, for a long time, etc.) "Since", eylemin geçmişte başlangıç noktasını belirtir, (since yesterday, since 1987, since March, since the Middle Ages, etc.)
EXAMPLES: She bought her house three years ago, so she has had it for three years. I last saw him in September. I haven't seen him since then. We first met at my cousin's 15th birthday party, so we have known each other for almost five years. She has been afraid of thunder since her childhood/since she was a child. . I haven't been to Germany since I got married. They haven't had the opportunity to have a long holiday for years. We haven't heard from him since he phoned us a month ago. He has read fifty pages of the book since I gave it to him. We have lived in four different houses since we moved to Istanbul seven years ago. There have been great price rises in the last six months, (son altı ay içinde) The housing problem has got worse in the past few years, (son birkaç yıl içinde)
i)
It Is/It has been + a period of time + since + Simple Past/Present Perfect It is/has been three months since I last went to the cinema. It is/has been three months since I have been to the cinema.
Her iki cümleyi de Türkçe'ye şöyle çevirebiliriz: Sinemaya gitmeyeli üç ay oluyor, ya da En son sinemaya gittiğimden beri üç ay geçti. Bu cümlelerin eş anlamlısı olarak, "Üç aydır sinemaya gitmiyorum." ya da "Sinemaya en son üç ay önce gittim." gibi ifadeler de kullanabiliriz. I haven't been to the cinema for three months. I last went to the cinema three months ago. It is/It's been ten days since she has been off work because she is ill. (She has been ill in bed for ten days.) It is/It's been eight years since I graduated from university. (I graduated from university eight years ago.) It is/It's been just two weeks since they got married. (They got married just two weeks ago. or (They have been married for just two weeks.) 36 Q ELi
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j)
This is the first/second, etc. time (that) + Present Perfect I'm very excited now, because this is the first time (that) I've driven a car. This is the second time (that) he has played tennis, so he isn't good at it. This is the third exam (that) we have taken so far this term. You shouldn't drink so much coffee. It's bad for you. This is the fifth cup of coffee (that) you have drunk in the last two hours.
k)
This is + Superlative (that) + Present"Perfect This is the most boring book (that) I have ever read. (Bu hayatımda okuduğum en sıkıcı kitap.) This is the most difficult situation (that) I have ever been in. He is the most talkative person (that) I have met in my whole life.
1)
gone or been
"go" fiilini Perfect Tense ile iki şekilde kullanabiliriz: Eğer kişi, sözü edilen yerde ise, ya da sözü edilen yere gitmek üzere yola çıkmışsa, göne kullanılır. - I'd like to talk to your mother. Is she at home? - No, she has gone shopping. - Can I speak to Mr. Jones, please? - Sorry. He has gone out of town and hasn't come back yet. Eğer kişi, sözü edilen yerde daha önce bulunduğunu ifade ediyorsa, yani konuşma sırasında başka bir mekanda ise been kullanılır. - Have you ever been abroad? (The speakers are now not in Germany.) - Yes, I've been to Germany several times. - I want to do some shopping, but I'm afraid I haven't got enough money. - Don't worry. I've been to the bank today. I can lend you some. EXERCISE 9: Use the Present Perfect Simple or Simple Past 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
-
I don't know why he's offering to drive some of the way. He (not, pass) ................................. his driving test yet. She (follow) ................................. him to work this morning because she (not, believe) .................................. that was where he was actually going. He (speak) ................................. several times to the manager about moving to another branch, but he (not, have) .................................. an answer yet. Before she (start) ................................. university, I (worry) .................................... a lot about her living away from home, but she (make) ................................. so many new friends that now my fears (subside) .................................... The weather (be) ................................. glorious so far this summer, unlike last year, when it (rain) ................................. every day. He (not, get) .................................. used to living in Britain yet. He can never remember from which side of the road the cars will come and he (not, start) ................................ drinking tea with milk yet. ELS Q 37
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7.
8. 9. 10. 11.
12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
19.
20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.
I (read) ..................................most of his novels when I (be) ................................... at school; however, as they (be) ................................. compulsory books, I (never, take) ................................. much interest in them and (not, really, appreciate) ................................. what a wonderful writer he is. Oh no! I (break) ................................. a glass - can you pass me the broom please? I'm sorry, I know we (meet) ................................. two days ago but I (forget) ................................ your name already! I (learn) ................................... how to windsurf on holiday last year, but I (not, have) ................................ the opportunity to do it since. A: This is the third time you (be) .................................late this week, and you (bej ................................ late twice the previous week. Well, what reason will you give on this occasion? B: I'm really sorry. I (not, hear) ................................. my alarm clock and I (Just, oversleep) .................................... I (often, dream) .................................. of running my own company, but I doubt that I ever will. The two companies (merge) .................................. a couple of months ago, and since then, they (show) ................................. a considerable increase in profits. I don't know my way around because I (not, be) ..................................in this part of the city before. Because he (have) ................................. an important exam the next day, James (not, come) .................................. to the practice session on Thursday night. I (see) .................................. that film twice already, but still would enjoy seeing it again. He (do) .................................. nothing but argue with the boss ever since he (get) ................................ here. I (never, meet) .................................. anyone who argues as much as he does. Although I (have) ................................. a car for just two weeks now, I (get) ................................ completely used to it. I wonder how I (endure) ................................ travelling by public transport before I (buy) : ................................ it. Ever since they (open) ................................. a university in our town, we (observe) ................................ a number of changes. First of all, the population (almost, double) .................... , which is both good and bad - good because the shopowners can now earn more, bad because having so many people (cause) ................................ crowded public transport and high rents. Except for the few spells of extreme temperatures, this summer (be) ................................ quite cool, unlike last summer, when the temperatures (be) ................................ above 40 degrees centigrade most of the time. I'm afraid I can't make a comparison between Turkish and Indian cuisine because I (never, try) ..................................the latter. They (sell) ................................... an antique chest for one million pounds on Friday. That's the highest price that a piece of furniture (ever, raise) .................................. at auction. Yesterday, disabled tennis players (take) .................................. part in the Australian Open and they are continuing today. This is the first time disabled players (appear) .................................in a major tournament. Although Martina Hingis (beat) ..................................Capriati five times so far in tennis competitions, Capriati (beat) .................................. Hingis in the French Open in 2000. Colin (believe) .................................. Greg's lies on many occasions, but this time, he (know) ................................. he was lying the moment Greg (finish) ................................. his story.
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1-17 THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE FORM Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I have been working. You I haven't been working. You Have I been working? Have have been working. He/She/It haven't been working. you been working? Has has been working. He/She/It hasn't been working. he/she/it been working? We have been working. You have been working. They have been working.
We haven't been working. You haven't been working. They haven't been working.
Have we been working? Have you been working? Have they been working?
They have been living in this country since last year. You've been studying for exactly three hours. She lias been learning English since she was in secondary school.
1-18 USE OF THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE a)
Present Perfect Continuous Tense, geçmişte başlayıp, içinde bulunduğumuz anda hala devam etmekte olan eylemleri anlatır ve for, since, all day, all week, all year gibi zaman zarflarıyla çok sık kullanılır. I started to read this book two hours ago, and I'm still reading it. I have been reading this book for two hours. It started to rain yesterday morning, and it is still raining. It has been raining since yesterday morning. You have been working very hard all week. You should take some time to relax at the weekend. The discussion has been going on for two hours, but they haven't taken a decision yet. ELS 39
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b)
Present Perfect Continuous Tense, geçmişte başlamış, içinde bulunduğumuz anda henüz bitmiş, ancak belirtileri devam eden eylemler için, ya da özellikle, yakınma, hoşnutsuzluk ve kuşku gibi duygulan ifade ederken de kullanılır. - Is that child crying? - No, but his eyes are watery. He has been crying. - Your hands are covered in oil. What have you been doing? - I have been fixing the car. - You look very tired. - Yes, I have been working hard today.
- Sorry, I'm late. Have you been waiting long? - No, I've only just arrived. You look guilty. You've been doing something bad, haven't you? c)
'Since" ve "for" ile belirtilen zamanlan "how long' soru sözcüğü ile sorabiliriz. Present Perfect Simple ve Continuous tense'ler, geçmişten günümüze bir süreç belirttiği için, kesin bir zaman isteyen "when" soru sözcüğünü bu tense'lerle kullanamayız. -
When did you move to this city? I moved here seven years ago. How long have you been living in this city? I have been living here for seven years.
-
When did you become a teacher? (Ne zaman öğretmen oldunuz?) I became a teacher in 1986. How long have you been a teacher? (Ne zamandan beri öğretmensiniz?) I have been a teacher since 1986.
1-19 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE or PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS a)
Geçmişte başlayıp, içinde bulunduğumuz anda hala devam etmekte olan, ya da henüz bitmiş olan bir eylemi anlatan bazı fiiller, her iki tense ile de kullanılır ve aynı anlamı verir. Bu şekilde yaygın olarak kullanılan fiiller şunlardır: expect lie rain snow study want hope liv e sle e p s tand te ac h work learn look sit stay wait How long have you lived in this city? How long have you been living in this city? She has worked for that firm for the last two years. She has been working for that firm for the last two years.
Bu iki tense, birbirinin yerine kullanılabilse de, (Present Continuous Tense'te olduğu gibi) geçici durundan ifade etmek için Present Perfect Continuous tercih edilir. My niece lias been living with us for two years, but she is moving to her own flat next month. b)
Continuous Tense'lerle (I am doing, I was doing) kullanılmayan diğer fiiller (nonprogressive verbs) Present Perfect Continuous ile de kullanılmazlar. Ancak, "want' ve "wish" bu kuralın dışındadır. Look at that lovely shirt in the shop window! I've been wanting one like that for some time. I've been wishing to visit your mother since I heard that she was ill.
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Diğer non-progressive fiiller ise Present Perfect Simple ile kullanılır. - What a lovely watch! How long have you bad it? - For over a year. - I see that you are very close friends. Have you known each other for long? - Since we were children. - What a nice old couple! They seem to be very fond of each other. How long have they been married? - For almost fifty years. They'll celebrate their golden wedding anniversary next year. - Hello, I have been looking everywhere for you. How long have you been in this remote part of the park? - Well, I have been thinking over my problems, and I lost track of time. En son diyalogda "been" sözünün kullanımına dikkat ediniz. "How long have you been in this remote part .... " ifadesinde "been", "be" fiilinin past participle biçimidir ve asıl fiil olarak kullanılmıştır. She Is still a student. She has been a student for over six years. They are married now. They have been married for three months. "I have been thinking over my problems." cümlesinde ise "been" yardımcı fiil olarak kullanılmıştır.
r
She has been working on her graduation thesis recently. I have been helping her with her English assignments since the beginning of the term. c)
Present Perfect Continuous Tense, always, never, sometimes gibi sıklık bildiren zarflarla, once, twice, several times gibi eylemin kaç kez yapıldığını bildiren yapılarla, ya da just, already, yet gibi eylemin bittiğini, tamamlandığını ifade eden yapılarla kullanılmaz. I have always lived here./ I have lived here all my life. I have been living here since I was born. I've been reading this book since this morning, and I've read a hundred pages so far.
(Okuma eylemi devam ettiği için "have been reading', yüz sayfalık bölümü tamamlanmış olduğu için "have read')
We've been trying to answer a number of questions since the beginning of the class, and we've answered half of them already. He's been writing letters since breakfast time. He's Just written the fourth one, and he has two more letters to write. The door bell has rung twice in the last half hour, and each time, it has been a visitor for my roommate. The door bell has been ringing for the last minute. Why doesn't someone open the door? ELS Q 41
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EXERCISE 10: Use either the Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Continuous of the verbs In parentheses. 1.
Jim: Look! It's snowing. How nice! Jack: Yes, I know. It (snow) ..................................for almost ten minutes ................ you (just, notice) .............................. it? Jim: It's very exciting, really. I (never, see) ..................... snow in my life. This is the first time I (see) .................................. it. 2. We (drive) .................................. since 8 o'clock this morning, and I think we (drive) ............... half of the way so far. 3. I don't think he'll refuse this position. He (always, want) .................................. to work independently, and this job suits his purpose exactly. 4. Hurry up! You (work) ................................. on this job for two days, and you (only, paint) ................................. two rooms so far. 5. This is the first prize she (receive) ................................. in her career, so she is very excited about it. 6. The government (work) .................................. on a new tax system recently. They (already, change) .................................. it twice, and each time there (be) ................................ a public outcry. I wonder what will happen this time. 7. We have to send for a plumber. The faucet (leak) ................................... since last week and we (not, be able to) ..................................have a bath since. 8. You can have a bath. The plumber (just, fix) .................................. the leak. There isn't any problem now. 9. The people in Africa (suffer) .................................. from hunger for as long as I can remember, and I'm afraid they'll have the same problem forever if they aren't given the right kind of help. 10 .......................... you (work) ............................. on the car? You're covered in oil. 11. I (repair) .................................. the car, so you won't have any more problems now. 12. Israelis and Palestinians (kill) .................................. each other for decades, and so far, no peace treaty (last) .................................for long. 13. Oh no! you (shrink) ...................................my jumper and I (only, have) ................................ it for a couple of weeks! 14. We must have enough wood now. You (chop) .................................. logs all afternoon. 15. For the last four weeks, he (./earn) ..................................Japanese after work, so he (not, have) ................................. much time for any social life recently. 16. We know that one of our competitors (offer) .................................. you an excellent position, so we (expect) ..................................your resignation for some time. 17. I (think) .................................. about changing jobs several times, but I (work) ................................. here happily for so many years that I always decide to stay. 18. Dominic and Carl (revise) .................................. hard all month for their final exams, and they (not, even, go) ................................. to any football matches. 19. A: What's the matter? ........................ you (cry) ............................... ? B: Not exactly. I (peel) .................................. onions to make some soup. 20. We (run) .................................. our business since September and (gain) ................................. lots of regular customers already. 21. I (want) .................................. to buy that table in the antique shop for weeks, but up until now, I (resist) .................................. the temptation. 22. We (receive) ...................................lots of applications for the job, and since this morning, we (consider) ................................. which ones to put on the short list. So far we (choose) .................................. five suitable ones. 23. I (consider) .................................. ordering a new carpet since January and my husband (try) ..................................to persuade me not to for just as long. 24. The Australian bush fires (burn) ................................. for three days now and the authorities are worried as the flames (reach) ..................................within a mile of a major urban area. 25. Jasmin: Let's get a taxi home, darling. Steve: Why? Jasmin: It's obvious. You (drink) .................................... Steve: I'm fine. I (only, have) .................................two cans of beer. 42 Q ELS
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EXERCISE 11: Use the Present Perfect Simple or Continuous, the Simple Past or Past Continuous. 1.
2. 3. 4.
5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
A: ................. you (ever, see] .................. a live tiger? B: No, never. How about you? A: I (see) .................................. one when I (go) .................................. to India on business. I had hidden the money in a very secret place. I don't understand how he (find] ................................ it. Perhaps he (see) ................................... me while I (hide) ................................ it. The council (promise) ..................................to repair that road for months now. They (even, send) ................................. someone to inspect it a few months ago, but so far nothing (happen) .................................... There was too much noise at our next-door neighbours' last night. I think they (have) ................................. a party with too many people. They (move) ................................ into that apartment just three weeks ago, but (hold) ................................ three parties since. This factory (manufacture) .................................. cars since the middle of the Republic period. Just last year, it (produce) .................................. three thousand cars and (contribute) ................................. greatly to the country's economy by exporting half of them. Five years ago, I (buy) ........................... a car, which I (now, drive) ............................. for over 40,000 kilometres and it (only, ever, break) ................................... down once. She (laugh) .................................. non-stop since you (tell\ ................................... her that joke this morning. We (only, put) .................................. the advertisement in the newspaper yesterday and we (already, have) ................................. over two hundred phone calls. A: ................. you (read) ................. today's newspaper yet? B: No, but I (do) .................................. the crossword while I (travel} ................................ to work. Over the last century many young people (7eave) ................................... the Orkney Islands, which lie off the north coast of Scotland, to work on the mainland; therefore, the average age on the islands (increase) ................................. ever since and the islanders' traditional way of life is in danger of dying out. He (not, pay) .................................. attention when he (give) .................................. the pharmacist a 20 million lira note instead of a 10 million lira note and he (not, realize) .................................. until he (get) ................................... home. Since then he (be) .................................. more careful with his money. Since Lucy (start) .................................. her new job in a busy centre of the city, she (always, prefer) ................................. to take the train instead of driving her car as she finds the traffic frustrating, but because she (have) .................................. two large boxes to take to work yesterday, she (drive) .................................. instead. Unfortunately, while she (load) .................................. the boxes into the boot of her car, she (pull} ................................. a muscle in her back and (lie) ................................. on the sofa unable to move ever since. In 1929 Thomas Mann, a German writer, (win) .................................. the Nobel Prize for Literature, primarily for his novel Buddenbrooks, which, since this award, (become) .................................. one of the recognized classic works of contemporary literature. Billy Wilder (drink) .................................. coffee with his girlfriend in a hillside cafe when a radio reporter (announce) ..................................that Adolf Hitler had become chancellor. Billy (tell} .................................. his girlfriend that it was time to leave, but she said she (still, have) .................................. some coffee left, to which he replied, "I mean the country, not the cafe." Billy Wilder later (become) ................................. an Academy-Award-winning film director. 43
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15. This is the only time I (see) .............................. the beautiful autumn colours of Quebec, although I (visit) .............................. the province many times before. 16. We (see) .............................. four squirrels playing together in a tree while we (picnic) ...............................on Sunday. Ever since, my younger son (beg) .................................me to take him there again. 17. Last year, Mary (have) ...............................an idea for a new product. The designers (work) ...............................on it for months now and (just, complete) ................................. the first prototype. 18. Not so long ago, most people (pay) ............................... their bills in cash, but banking methods (change) .............................. recently; nowadays, most people use bank transfers. 19. Only Eric (catch) .............................. a fish while we (fish) ................................on Sunday and, ever since, he (boast) ............................... about the size of it. 20. Maggie (talk) ............................... to Gerald on the phone when 1 (come) ................................ back from the shops. 1 don't know when they (start) ................................. but 1 know they (talk) ............................... non-stop for an hour now. It's amazing that they still have anything to discuss as this is the third time she (phone) .............................. him today. EXERCISE 12: Add "for" or "since" to the sentences below. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
We haven't seen her ............... she left Istanbul. There has been famine in Africa ............... as long as I can remember. It has been raining steadily ............... the last two days. They have been living in Ankara ............... last year. Their daughter has been attending university ................ three years. Their son has been looking for a job ................ he graduated last year. They have had their house ............... Mr. Jones retired in 1985. Mr. Brown has been the president ................ the foundation of the institution. She has been talking on the phone ................ more than half an hour. 1 have been expecting a letter from her ................ ages. He has been trying to pass the university exam ................ at least three years. I've been waiting for him ............... two hours. I've been waiting for him ............... two o'clock. They've been married ............... 1995. I haven't eaten anything ................ yesterday morning. This building has stood here ............... the Middle Ages. This building has stood here ................centuries. She has avoided being with people ................ she was a small child. She has always liked being alone ............... her childhood. I haven't seen them ................ their wedding.
EXERCISE 13: Use the Simple Present, Present Continuous, Simple Past, Past Continuous, Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Continuous of the verbs In parentheses. 1.
A: How is your brother? B: He (seem) .............................. to be making a good recovery. His condition (stabilize) ............................... and the doctors (think) ................................ he will soon be able to come home. A: Oh, that's good news. When you (see) .............................. him, send him my regards. 2. The company (suffer) ............................... enormous losses recently and the managers (not, understand) .............................. why. One theory is that the previous accountant (falsify) .............................. the accounts so that the com] (appear) ............................. to be doing much better than it really was.
42
3. 4.
5.
6.
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
20. 21. 22. 23.
They (just, finish) ................................. redecorating their house and it (look) ................................. really wonderful now. They (work) ................................... on it for over six months, and (not, have) ................................. any professional help. A: What (do) ................. she ................... for the past hour ? B: She (familiarize) ................................. herself with the new computer system. If she (fully, master) ................................. it by the end of the week, the manager will put her in charge of the new project. The building (collapse) .................................. while the contractors (work) ................................. on it. Someone (call) .................................... the emergency services, but they (not, get) .................................. there quickly enough to prevent some fatalities. This time last year, I (sail) .................................. round the Caribbean, (drink) ................................. exotic drinks and generally (enjoy) ................................................ myself. I (not, think) .................................... that I have ever had such a marvellous holiday before, and I (not, be) .................................. so relaxed since. Throughout her life she (always, resent) .................................. her parents' interference in her life, but the situation (get) ................................. progressively worse recently. As we (get) .................................. closer to the source of the sound, it (intensify) ................................ to the point where we could hardly bear it. Whenever her parents (try) .................................. to put her to bed, she (cling) ................................ to them as if she can't bear to be parted from them for a second. A: Oh, I see that you (wear) .................................. a new dress. When .................. you (buy) ................ it? B: Oh, I (only, have) ................................... it since this morning. I (not, want) ................................... to go outside because I (just, wash) ................................ my hair and it (foe) ................................... still wet. Since I (buy) .................................. my son a mobile phone, I (feel) ................................ less worried about his whereabouts because now I can contact him wherever he (be) ..................................... While he (saw) .................................. wood for the new shelves, he (accidentally, cut) ................................ the end of his finger off, and it (bleed) ................................... ever since. I (just,write) .................................. over twenty postcards because last year my friends (complain) .............................. that I (not, send) .................................. them any. You (look) .................................. different .................... you (change) ................. your hairstyle? You (not, speak) ................................... a word since this morning. I (hope) ................................ you (not, worry) ................................... about tomorrow's exam. A: I (not, know) .................................. you took sugar in coffee. B: Usually I don't, but this coffee (taste) .................................. a little bitter. Professor Watkins (give) ................................. a lecture at the conference centre in the museum tomorrow ................... you (feel) .................. like going? A: Could I speak to Mr. Smith please? B: I'm sorry, he (talk) .................................. to some customers at the moment. A: Is it possible for you to interrupt them because it's rather urgent and I (try) ................................. to contact him all day. Just as the washing machine (begin) .................................. the spin cycle, the power (go).................................. off and I (have to) .................................... wring it all out by hand. As they (not, arrive) .................................. yet, we'll have to leave without them. Even though we (still, have) .................................. a week in which to finish this project, we (attempt) .................................. to complete it today. A: .................. you (still, mow) ................... the lawn? It seems to be taking you a long time. B: I (not, mow) ................................. the lawn the whole time since I (see) ................................. you this morning. I (take) ................................... a lunch break at one o'clock and (not, start) ................................. again until half past two. A: That (explain) ................................. it then.
ELS Q 45
43
24. Mechanic: When I (raise) .............................. my hand, put your foot on the brakes. Yes, the police officer is right. Your left brake light (not, work)
25.
Customer: Oh dear! I wonder how long I (drive) ............................... around with only one brake light. Can you repair it? Stella (generally, play) .............................. volleyball very well and her poor performance during today's match (be) ............................... the exception rather than the rule. During last week's game she (sustain) ............................... an ankle injury and it is obvious from today's match that this injury (still, trouble) ............................. her.
1-20 THE PAST PERFECT TENSE FORM Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I had finished my work. You had studied hard. He/She/It had eaten lunch.
Had I finished my work? I had not finished my work. You had not studied hard. Had you studied hard? Had He/She/It had not eaten lunch. he/she/it eaten lunch?
We had seen the film. You had helped her. They had heard the news.
We had not seen the film. You had not helped her. They had not heard the news.
Had we seen the film? Had you helped her? Had they heard the news?
46 Q ELS
44
Bu tense'i oluşturmak için had + past participle kullanılır. "/ had. We had, She had, etc.' yerine kısaltılmış olarak "I'd, We'd, She'd, etc." yapılarını kullanabiliriz. She had just eaten lunch. I hadn't finished my test when the bell rang. I had already finished my work when the guests arrived. I didn't want to go to the cinema, because I'd seen the film before.
1-21 USE OF THE PAST PERFECT TENSE a)
Past Perfect Tense, Present Perfect Tense'in past biçimidir. Present: Past:
I am not hungry. I have Just eaten. When I went home, I wasn't hungry, because I had just eaten.
Present: Past:
I have never seen a kangaroo before. When I went to Australia last year, I saw a kangaroo there. I had never seen a kangaroo before.
Present: Past:
I don't want to see that film. I've already seen it. I didn't want to go to the cinema with my friends. 1 had already seen the film.
Present: Past:
b)
I can't go out with you now. My daughter hasn't come back from school yet. I couldn't go out with them, because my daughter hadn't come back from school yet.
Since, for, always, etc. gibi zarflarla kullanımı:
Since, for, always gibi zarfların, Present Perfect Tense (/ have done) ile kullanıldığını ve geçmişte başlayıp içinde bulunduğumuz ana kadar devam eden ya da içinde bulunduğumuz anda da devam etmekte olan eylemleri ifade ettiğini görmüştük. Since, for, always gibi zarflar, Past Perfect Tense (I had done) ile de kullanılır. Ancak bu kez, geçmişte başlayıp yine geçmişte bir noktaya kadar devam etmiş olan eylemleri anlatır.
1-22 PRESENT PERFECT or PAST PERFECT
He has been our assistant manager for three months. Before that, he had worked for us as a clerk for a month. ELS 47
45
MORE EXAMPLES: We were going to meet in front of the cinema at 2 p.m. yesterday. I arrived there at 2p.m. sharp, but she hadn't come yet. When it was 2.30 and she still hadn't come, I gave up waiting and went into the cinema. Yesterday, the traffic was heavy, and it took me a long time to get home. When I arrived home, my parents bad already eaten their dinner. Last year, he made a very bad mistake at work, but his boss couldn't dismiss him just for that. He bad worked there for ten years and hadn't done anything wrong before then. Past Perfect Tense, geçmişte belli bir noktada olmuş olaylardan söz ederken, daha geçmişte olmuş eylemi vurgulamak için de kullanılır. When I saw her again ten years later, I found her greatly changed, both physically and mentally. She had dyed her hair blond and had got thinner. She had left her parents and had started to earn her own living. When her marriage was breaking up, she remembered her father's words. He had warned her against the difficulties of taking on the responsibility of marriage, and he had told her that she was too young to face them. She hadn't listened to him then and had got married. She now realized how right he had been. Ancak, amaç geçmişteki olayları sadece akış sırasına göre vermekse, Past Perfect kullanmak gerekmez. She wanted to get married when she was only eighteen. Her father objected to it. He warned her against the difficulties of taking on the responsibility of marriage at such an early age, but she didn't listen to him and got married. Bazı durumlarda ise Simple Past ya da Past Perfect kullanılması anlam değişikliğine yol açar. 1. When we arrived at the farm house, I warned her to beware of the dog. (Çiftlik evine varınca, köpeğe dikkat etmesi için onu uyardım.) 2. When we arrived at the farm house, she was cautious. I had warned her to beware of the dog. (Çiftlik evine vardığımızda, tedbirliydi. Köpeğe dikkat etmesi için onu uyarmıştım.) Yukarıdaki cümlelerden birincisinde "uyarma' eylemi çiftlik evine gelince, ikincisinde ise gelmeden önce yapılmıştır. When I arrived at the party, Chris left. (First, I arrived. Then Chris left, so I saw him.) When I arrived at the party, Chris had left. (First, he left. Then I arrived, so I didn't see him.) While I was coming here, I saw an accident. A car had run into a cyclist. (/ didn't see the accident happen.) While I was coming here, I saw an accident. A car ran into a cyclist. (/ saw the accident happen.) 48 ELS
46
1-23 SIMPLE PAST and PAST PERFECT TENSES in TIME CLAUSES Bu tense'leri zaman bağlaçlanyla kullanırken, eylemlerin geçmişteki oluş sıralarını dikkate almamız gerekir. İki eylemden daha önce olanını Past Perfect ile, daha sonra olanını ise Simple Past ile ifade edebiliriz.
First: She cleaned the house.
Second: The guests arrived.
After she had cleaned the house, the guests arrived. Before the guests arrived, she had cleaned the house. She had cleaned the house when the guests arrived.
a)
With after After
+
Past Perfect, Simple Past
Simple Past
After she had graduated from university, she went to England. After we had travelled on a coach for ten straight hours, we continued our journey by horse to get to the mountain village. "After" in bağlı bulunduğu cümle, cümlenin sonunda da yer alabilir. She felt better after she had taken an aspirin. After she had taken an aspirin, she felt better.
"After", geçmişteki iki eylemden daha önce olanını ifade ettiği için, bağlı bulunduğu cümlede normalde Past Perfect kullanılır. Ancak "after", eylemlerin sırasını zaten belirttiği için, Past Perfect yerine Simple Past da kullanabiliriz. Bu durumda anlam değişmez. After she graduated from university, she went to England. After we travelled on a coach for ten straight hours, we continued our journey by horse to get to the mountain village.
b)
With before: Before +
Simple Past,
Past Perfect Simple Past
"Before" un bağlı olduğu cümle, geçmişte yapılan iki eylemden, daha sonra yapılanı ifade ettiği için, "before'lu cümlede Simple Past, temel cümlede ise Past Perfect kullanılır. Ancak "before" da "after" gibi eylemlerin sırasını belirttiği için, temel cümlede Past Perfect yerine Simple Past da kullanılır. Before she came to live in this city, she had lived in İzmir. Before she came to live in this city, she lived in İzmir. Before she came to live in this city, she lived in İzmir
I had finished my exam paper before the bell rang. I finished my exam paper before the bell rang. ELS 49
47
"Before" un bağlı bulunduğu cümledeki eylemin tamamlanmış olduğunu vurgulamak için, özellikle finish, complete gibi fiillerle, Past Perfect kullanmak mümkündür. The teacher didn't let anyone out before all the students had finished the test. The other students finished/had finished the test before I had even completed half of it.
rnipie
I didn't interrupt him until/till he finished his speech. had finished I didn't speak to him until/till he
spoke to me. had spoken
"Until/till" ile Past Perfect kullanımı çok yaygın değildir. Ancak, yan cümledeki eylemin temel cümledeki eylemden önce tamamlanmış olduğunu vurgulamak istersek, Past Perfect kullanabiliriz. Aksi takdirde, Simple Past kullanmamız yeterlidir.
They didn't leave the office until I had completed my report. (They left after I had completed my report.) She didn't give up studying prepositions until she had learnt them by heart. "Till/Until" ile kurulmuş bir cümlede, Past Perfect Tense'in never, always, once, in his life gibi zarflarla kullanımını göz önüne alarak, temel cümlede Past Perfect kullanmak mümkündür. Until I saw one in Australia last year, I had never seen a kangaroo. The teacher had always been patient with us until we made her furious yesterday. The students hadn't ever heard of that author until I mentioned him.
d)
With as soon as/once:
"As soon as", temel cümleyle yan cümlenin eylemleri arasında geçen zamanın çok kısa olduğunu vurgular. Eylemleri oluş sırasına göre dizdiği için, Past Perfect kullanmak zorunlu değildir. Ancak birinci eylemin tamamlandığını vurgulamak amacıyla, Simple Past yerine Past Perfect kullanabiliriz. 50 a ELS
48
As soon as the guests left/had left, I went straight to bed. I went to see her as soon as I heard/had heard the news. The students burst into laughter as soon as the teacher left/had left the classroom. As soon as they found/had found a better house, they sold their old one. We decided to go shopping as soon as the rain stopped/had stopped. (Yağmur diner dinmez alışverişe çıkmaya karar verdik.) "Once", as soon as ve after anlamı veren bir bağlaçtır ve çoğunlukla, bağlı bulunduğu cümlede Perfect Tense'ler kullanılır. Once I'd found out where he lived, I went to see him. She made herself a cup of coffee once she had put away the groceries. Once school was over, the students rushed to holiday resorts. (Okul kapanınca/Okul kapanır kapanmaz, öğrenciler tatil beldelerine akın etti.) "No sooner ... than" ve "hardly/barely/scarcely ... when", as soon as ile aynı anlamı veren daha vurgulu kalıplardır. Bu kalıplar cümlenin başında yer alırsa devrik cümle yapısı kullanılır. The young couple had no sooner left the party than people began to gossip about them. No sooner had the young couple left the party than people began to gossip about them. The executive had hardfy begun his speech when his assistant interrupted him. Hardly had the executive begun his speech when his assistant interrupted him. I had barely stepped into the bath when the telephone rang. Barely had I stepped into the bath when the telephone rang. (Henüz banyoya girmiştim ki, telefon çaldı./Ben banyoya girer girmez telefon çaldı.) e)
With when:
"When", kullanırken dikkat edilmesi gereken bağlaçlardan biridir. Çünkü, kullandığımız tense'e göre, eylemlerin birbirleriyle olan ilişkisi farklılık gösterir, anlam değişir. When he left home, I was washing the dishes. (O evden çıktığında ben bulaşık yıkıyordum.) (I started to wash the dishes before he left, and hadn't yet finished when he was leaving.) When he left home, I washed the dishes. (O evden çıkınca, bulaşıkları yıkadım.) (I waited for him to leave home and then I started to wash the dishes.) When he left home, I had washed the dishes. (O evden çıktığında, ben bulaşıkları yıkamıştım.) (I started to wash the dishes and finished them before he left home.)
Simple past, Simple Past Simple Past,
Past ContU» Simple Past Past Perfect
She was preparing dinner when I got home. She prepared dinner when I got home. She had prepared dinner when I got home. ELS a 51
49
"Already, just, yet, hardly/scarcely gibi zarflan "when" li bir cümlede kullandığımızda, temel cümle Past Perfect Tense gerektirir. I hadn't yet replied to their letter when they came to visit me. She had hardly entered the classroom when the exam started. (Sınav başladığında, o sınıfa henüz/yenice girmişti.) When we arrived there, the film had already started. Eğer "when" in bağlı bulunduğu cümledeki eylem, temel cümledeki eylemden daha önce gerçekleşmişse, "when" li cümlede de Past Perfect kullanabiliriz. When I had explained the subject to the class, I gave them a quiz. (First, I explained the subject. Then I gave them a quiz.) When the workers had finished some of their work, they sat down to eat lunch.
f)
With by the time: By the time
+
Simple Past,
Past Perfect
By the time she came back, I had finished my work. The film had already begun by the time we got to the cinema. We had already started to discuss the case by the time the manager came. By the time the guests arrived, my mother had finished all the cooking.
(Konuklargelinceye kadar annem yemek pişirme işini bitirmişti.) Konuklar geldiğinde "By the time" in Türkçe'ye çevirisine dikkat ediniz. Yukarıdaki örneği " ...... gelinceye tadar" ya da ".... geldiğinde" biçiminde çevirdik. Bu nedenle "by the time", "when" ile yakın bir anlama sahiptir. "Geçmişte bir eylem olduğunda/oluncaya kadar, diğer bir eylem olmuştu." anlamını verir.
By the time they came, I had finished cleaning. By the time I arrived at the station, the train had left. Many people had died of tuberculosis by the time scientists found a cure. Eğer, "geçmişte bir eylem olduğunda, başka bir eylem zaten oluyordu" anlamını vermek istiyorsak, temel. cümlede (already) + was/were doing kullanabiliriz.
past
I left the office
now
future
I It was raining
.
By the time I left the office, it was already raining. (By the time I left the office, it had already started raining.) By the time we prepared her milk, the baby was already crying. (By the time we prepared her milk, the baby had already started crying.) By the time I arrived at my date, my friends were already waiting f or me. 50
52 ELS
51
Temel cümlede Simple Past kullanılmaz. Ancak, "be" fiilinin past biçimi olan "was/were" kullanılır. By the time I noticed the leak, the kitchen floor was already full of water. By the time the journey was over, it was already midnight. By the time he retired from his work, he was sixty years old. "By the time" ile "until/till", Türkçe'ye ".... oluncaya kadar" biçiminde çevrildiği halde, geçmişteki iki eylem arasında farklı bir ilişkiyi ifade ederler.
-
She came back ' ^ ------------------------------------------- 5£------------------------- 1 ----------------->. past X X X X now future Her plants died
By the time she came back from holiday, all her plants at home had died. (When she came back, she found all her plants dead.)
Yukandaki örnekte ve diğer örneklerde gördüğümüz gibi, "by the time", "ikinci eylem olduğunda, diğer eylem olup bitmişti' anlamını vurguluyor. She came back
"•/•'. •* ------------------------- ş ----------------- i ----------- >past
______________________ J I watered her plants '
now
future
I watered her plants until she came back from holiday.
Bu örnekte de gördüğümüz gibi, "until/till", "birinci eylemin, ikinci eylemin olduğu noktaya kadar devam ettiğini, tam o noktada bittiğini" vurguluyor.
By the time I got to the airport, my plane had taken off. (The plane departed some time before my arrival, so I missed it.) I went to the airport yesterday to see a friend of mine off. I stayed in the
waiting lounge until the plane took off. (I saw the plane take off and then I left the airport.) Bir noktadan diğerine sözü edilen eylemin devam ettiğini vurguladığı için "until/till", stay, wait, talk, etc. gibi süreç bildiren fiillerle kullanılır. Finish, leave, arrive, etc. gibi, bir anda olup biten eylemler, "until/till" ile sadece olumsuz cümlede kullanılır. He stayed at my house until/till I came back from holiday. The teacher waited until/till the last student left the classroom. He didn't leave me until/till I promised to meet him after work. "By the time", zaman açısından bir noktayı vurguladığı için, sadece finish, leave, arrive, etc. gibi, bir anda olup biten eylemlerle, çoğunlukla da Perfect tense'lerle kullanılır. He arrived at the station at 11 o'clock. He watted at the station (from 11 o'clock) until/till 12 o'clock, then he left. I didn't arrive at the station until/till 1 o'clock. By the time I arrived at one o'clock, he had left. ELS Q 53 52
EXERCISE 14: Use the Simple Past or Past Perfect to complete the following sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6.
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
By the time the authorities (warn) ............................... the people against the dangers of drinking the water without boiling it, many children (already, get infected] ................................. He (take) .............................. his family abroad last year. The children (be) .................................really excited, because they (never, be) ................................. abroad before. There was a bad smell when I (get) .............................. home, so I (open) .................................the windows at once to let it out. When a tourist (ask) ............................... the way to the nearest post office in good English, we (give) .............................. her the directions rather excitedly, because we (never, have) .............................. the opportunity to use our English so freely before. When they (offer) ............................... her a minor role in a play, she (accept) ................................. it without thinking much, because she (consider] ................................ it to be a stepping stone toward much better ones. Two years ago, I (have) ............................... a student in my philology group. She (not, know] ............................... any English at all when she (start) ................................ our course, because she (study) ............................... German in high school. Anyway, she wasn't discouraged by the hard patterns and vocabulary of English. Slowly but patiently, she (improve) ............................... her English throughout the year. By the time our course (end) ............................... in June, she (learn) ............................... more vocabulary than the others. This (help) ................................. her during the exam, and she (pass) ................................ it. Her attitude (once again, confirm) .............................. the idea that a person can succeed if he/she wants. As soon as we (see) .............................. how busy the motorway (be) ................................. , we (decide) ............................... to take the country road. The supermarket (close) ............................... by the time I (get) ................................ there, so I (go) ............................... to the local shop instead. Even though I (already, explain) ............................... the problem to her in great detail, she (still, want) .............................. me to go through it with her again. As the worker (never, behave) .............................. like that previously, the manager (decide) ...............................to overlook the incident. He (scarceTy, finish) ............................... typing the report when the manager (appear) .............................. with two pages of amendments. He (recognize) ............................... me straightaway even though he (not, see) ................................ me since I (be) ................................ a child. As he (nor, arrive) .............................. by the arranged time, we (have to) ................................ leave without him. When I (speak) ............................... to them last, they (still, not, make) ................................ their decision. It was not until she (get) ............................... on the train that she (realize) ................................ that somewhere between home and the station she (lose) ..... , ....................... her train pass. Joe (surprise) ............................... his uncle when he (re/use) ................................ the offer of a cigarette from him. His uncle (not, know) ............................... that he (give up) .............................. smoking three months before.
EXERCISE 15: Use the Present Perfect Simple or Past Perfect to complete the sentences. 1. 2.
She (only, know) ............................... him for two months, yet she (already, agree) ................................ to marry him and next week they are going to buy the rings. Shortly after they (announce) .............................. the results of the election, it was discovered that there (be) .............................. a number of irregularities during the voting, so it was declared invalid. .......
54 ELS
53
I can't stand that girl. She (only, be) ............................... scuba-diving three times, but to hear her talk, you would think she was an expert. 4. They (never, walk) .............................. such a long distance in one day, so they were completely exhausted when they reached their destination. 5. His manager tried to persuade him to stay, but he (already, make up) .............................. his mind to leave and nothing anybody said could change that. 6. As she (read) .............................. the book twice, she was well prepared for the discussion. 7. The ship's crew (all. drown) ............................... before the helicopter crew spotted them in the Atlantic Ocean. 8. I doubt she will be chosen for the part. She (not, act) ................................in a serious play so far. 9. I was surprised that they chose her for the part even though she (not, act) .............................. in a serious play until then. 10. Oh no! We (give) ............................... him the incorrect price. We had better contact him immediately and correct the situation. 3.
1 -24 THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE FORM Affirmative
I had been working. You had been sleeping. He/She/It had been eating. We had been waiting. You had been dancing. They had been talking.
Negative I had not been working. You had not been sleeping. He/She/It had not been eating. We had not been waiting. You had not been dancing. They had not been talking.
Interrogative Had I been working? Had you been sleeping? Had he/she/it been eating? Had we been waiting? Had you been dancing? Had they been talking?
He had been sleeping for two hours when suddenly a noise woke him up in the middle of the night. The two countries had been fighting for almost seven years when a peace treaty was signed between them. The party had been going on for two hours when the lights suddenly went out. When she decided to retire, she had been working as a teacher for fifteen years. ELS 55
54
Örneklerde de görüldüğü gibi, Past Perfect Continuous Tense, tam olarak Present Perfect Continuous Tense'in past biçimidir. Hatırlayacağınız gibi. Present Perfect Continuous, geçmişte başlayıp içinde bulunduğumuz anda da devam eden, ya da içinde bulunduğumuz anda henüz bitmiş ama belirtileri devam eden eylemleri ifade ediyordu. Past Perfect Continuous ise, geçmişte başlayıp yine geçmişte bir noktaya kadar devam eden eylemleri ifade eder. past y (had been fighting) now future
They started to fight.
y (had been living) I started to live in İzmir. I graduated.
now
future
When I graduated in 1986,1 had been living in İzmir for five years. (First I lived in İzmir. Then I graduated.) (Mezuniyetten önceki beş yılı ifade ediyor.) EXERCISE 16: Use the Past Continuous or Past Perfect Continuous of the verbs In parentheses. 1. 2. 3.
They (drive) ................................. for over five hours when they reached the hotel. While they (travel) ................................... they passed through several historic towns. I (hangi ................................. some pictures on the wall when I hit my thumb with the hammer. 4. While we (chat) ................................... we realized that she (work) ................................ for the same company as me last year, but at a different branch. 5. Rumours of a large pay-rise (go) ................................... round the office for weeks, so, when it was announced to be only three percent, everyone was very disappointed. 6. They (already, take) ..................................photographs for an hour by the time they noticed the sign forbidding the use of cameras. 7. Apparently he (stroll] .................................. aimlessly on the beach since about noon when we spotted him. 8. While I (sew) .................................. a button onto my shirt, I pricked myself with the needle. 9. She knew that she had better stop and fill up with petrol soon because the red petrol warning light (Hash) ................................. on the dashboard of her car for the last ten minutes. 10. The manager warned the staff about using the phone because, from the size of the telephone bill, it was obvious that someone (make) ............................... long-distance calls. 56
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EXERCISE 17: Use the Present Perfect Simple or the Present Perfect Continuous, the Past Perfect Simple or the Past Perfect Continuous. 1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
You really deserve to have a promotion, Mr. Johnson. You (work) .................................successfully for us for ten years, and you (produce) ................................. lots of remarkable projects, especially in the past five years. They gave him a promotion last year, because he (work) ................................... for them successfully for ten years, and he (produce) ................................. lots of remarkable projects, especially in the past five years. A: Hello, Pam. We (just, arrange) ................................. to have a picnic next Saturday. Would you like to come with us? B: Sorry, Sally. I (already, make) .................................. some other arrangements with my folks. They'll be sorry if I change my mind. He (be) ................................. out of work for the last two years. He (try) ................................. to find a new job ever since he was dismissed from his job, but without success so far. I (look) .................................. for a job for a very long time when I finally found this one two months ago. I (be) ................................. better off financially since then, but I still have some debts to pay off. If you (really, paint) .................................. all day as you claim, why is this room not even half-finished? I (count) .................................. on their support for weeks, so when I discovered yesterday that they (back) ................................. someone else, I was really dismayed. Once they (confirm) .................................. the offer in writing, I'll let you know. He could tell someone (smoke) .................................. in the shed because it was full of smoke. Their supervisor was not satisfied until they (remove) ................................... every speck of dirt from the dormitory. Oh! I'm sorry, we (just, sell) .................................. the last one, but we are expecting another shipment soon. So far I (check) .................................. the files from A to M and (update) ................................. them, so I'm about halfway through the job. Last week they installed an internal e-mail system at work. Since then our manager (work) .................................. mainly from home. Scientists (monitor) .................................. the activity of Mount Etna carefully for the past few weeks and (announce) .................................. that tourists will no longer be allowed onto its slopes. The prison governor was certain that the prisoners (plan) ................................... an escape for some time because they (make) .................................. a rope ladder and some makeshift knives.
EXERCISE 18: Use the Simple Present, Present Continuous, Simple Past, Past Continuous, Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous of the verbs In parentheses. She (split) .................................. up with her boyfriend two days ago and (cry) ................................ virtually non-stop ever since. 2. While I (hurry) .................................. to catch the bus, I (trip) ..................................... and (twist) ................................. my ankle. 3. The woman (rush) .................................. into the doctor's surgery screaming that a snake (Just, bite) ................................. her son. 4. I (apply) .................................. for the job over three weeks ago, but I (still, not, hear) ................................ anything. ; 5. Generally he (wear) .................................. a suit to work, but today he (wear) ................................. jeans because they (move) ................................... some furniture into a new office. 6. The first time I (meet) ..................................him, he (work) .................................... on his car all afternoon and was covered in oil. So the second time I (see) ................................. him, I (hardly, recognize) .................................... him! 1.
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7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
16.
17.
18. 19. 20.
The problem of pollution in the world (get) .............................. worse day by day, but a lot of those people who (regularly, complain) ............................... about it (not, seem) .............................. willing to do anything personally to alleviate the situation. While the doctors (operate) .............................. on their son last week, the parents (pace) .............................. anxiously up and down in the waiting-room. You (frown) ............................... all afternoon. What's on your mind? That driver (go) ............................... far too fast! He'll crash if he doesn't slow down soon. As he (not, inform) .............................. me in advance of the arrangement, I wasn't able to go. He (only, just, arrive) ............................... ! Give him a chance to take his coat off before you (start) ...............................questioning him. The company (look) .............................. into ways to market the product overseas in recent weeks, but, so far, no one (come) ............................... up with a workable suggestion. A: When ............... you (last, hear) ................ from him? B: I (not, hear) .............................. from him for more than two months now. Jerry, a six-year-old boy, is very fond of animals, so his parents (take) ................................ him to the zoo very often. The last time they (be) ................................ there, they (see)................................. the sea lions at feeding time. Jerry was fascinated. All the time while the keepers (feed) .............................. them, they (Jump) .............................. up out of the water. Jerry's mother (take) ................................ him to the zoo next Saturday again, and this time he (want) ................................ to spend more time at the reptile enclosure and examine the animals there in more detail. We (just, finish) ................................ our dinner and (watch) ................................ a documentary on TV when we (hear) .............................. a scream from the flat above. I (rush) ............................... upstairs immediately and (find) .................................Mrs. Green, our neighbour, in tears. Everything in her flat (be) .................................in a mess. Obviously, someone (break) ................................ into her house. Just as we (enter) ............................... the church, the groom's brother (whisper} .................................to me how nervous the groom (feel} ................................ since breakfast time about making a speech in front of so many guests. He must have, indeed, been nervous, because when he (rise) ............................... to make his speech, he (just, mutter) .............................. a quick thank you to everyone and then (sit) .............................. back down again. In her white wedding gown, Judy (look) .............................. more beautiful than I (ever, see) ............................... her before, or (ever, see) ................................. her since the wedding. Three days after they (drop) ............................... an atom bomb on Hiroshima, the Americans (drop) .............................. another one on Nagasaki. These two bombs (cause) ...............................one of the biggest massacres the world (witness) ................................. up to that time. I don't think they (find) ................................ the cause of the problem yet. The last time I (check) ..............................., they (still, test) ............................... the system.
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1-26 FUTURE TIME (will/shall or be going to) FORM Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I will help you. I am going to help you.
I will not help you. I am not going to help you.
Will I help you? Am I going to help you?
You will come early. You are going to come early.
You will not come early. You are not going to come early.
Will you come early? Are you going to come early?
He/She/It will eat lunch. He/She/It is going to eat lunch.
He/She/It will not eat lunch. He/She/It is not going to eat lunch.
Will he/she/it eat lunch? Is he/she/it going to eat lunch?
We will work. We are going to work.
We will not work. We are not going to work.
Will we work? Are we going to work?
You will leave early. You are going to leave early.
You will not leave early. You are not going to leave early.
Will you leave early? Are you going to leave early?
They will visit us. They are going to visit us.
They will not visit us. They are not going to visit us.
Will they visit us? Are they going to visit us?
Bütün öznelerle "will" yardımcı fiili kullanılır. Birinci tekil şahıs "we" ve birinci çoğul şahıs "ive" için, "will" yerine "shall" de kullanılır. Ancak "shall" in bu kullanımı artık çok eski olarak kabul edilmektedir. We will (shall) Invite them to the party. She will help me with my homework. "will not" ve "shall not" kısaltılarak "won't" ve "shan't" biçiminde kullanılır. They will not/won't come tomorrow. We shall not/shan't go to the party. "will" ve "shall" kısaltılarak " ll" biçiminde kullanılır. They'll visit us next week./I'II eat dinner out tonight.
1-27 USE OF THE FUTURE TENSES a)
Eğer ge leceğe yöne lik bir tahminde b ulunuyo rsak (prediction ), "will" ya da "be going to" kullanabiliriz. The re w ill/is go ing to be a rise in p rices a fte r the ele ctions. Acco rd in g to the weathe r re po rt, it w ill/is go ing to s no w to mo rro w. He will/is going to have an accident if he doesn't drive more carefully.
b)
Önce den tasarla n mış , plan lan mış bir du ru mdan söz ed iyors ak (prior p la n ), "be go ing to" kullanma mız ge rekir. Bu anla mıy la "be go ing to", ca nsız varlık lar iç in genellik le kullanılmaz. - Why hav e y ou bo ugh t th is materia l? - I'm going to make a skirt for myself. - Why is y ou r dog d igg in g in tha t c orne r? - Oh , he is go in g to bu ry h is bo ne the re .
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c)
Henüz öğrendiğimiz bir konuda yapmaya istekli olduğumuz bir durumu (willingness), "will" ile ifade ederiz. - I don't have any money. - Don't worry. I'II lend you some. (Üzülme. Ben sana veririm.) - Some guests are coming in two hours, and nothing is ready yet. - Don't worry, l'II wash the dishes and you can do the cooking. (Ben bulaşıkları yıkarım, sen yemeği pişirirsin.) - I have a headache. - Wait here. I'll bring an aspirin for you. (Bekle sana bir aspirin getireyim.)
"will" in bu kullanımının Türkçe'ye çevirisine dikkat ediniz. Örneklerde de gördüğünüz gibi, "will wash, will lend, will bring' ifadelerini "yıkayacağım, ödünç vereceğim, getireceğim" biçiminde değil, "yıkarım, ödünç veririm, getireyim" biçiminde çevirdik. d)
Eğer bir olayın olacağına ilişkin belirtiler varsa, "going to" kullanılır. The sky is black. It is going to rain. There's a lot of blossom on the trees this spring. We're going to have a good crop.
e)
Bu tense'lerle yaygın olarak kullanılan zaman zarflan, tomorrow, next week, next month, next summer, in two days (iki gün sonra), in ten minutes (on dakika sonra), two days from now (iki gün sonra), five years from now (beş yıl sonra), soon (az sonra, yakında) gibi zarflardır. We'll take an exam next week. Tomorrow is a public holiday, so she wont go to work. She will graduate in three years. Two months from now, they'll move into a new flat.
Ancak, içinde bulunduğumuz ana göre gelecek zaman ifade eden pek çok zarf, bu tense'lerle kullanılabilir. (In the morning) I'm going to do some shopping today. Do you need anything special? I'm not going to have breakfast this morning. 1)
"am, is, are going to" nun past biçimi olarak "was, were going to" kullanılır. Bu tense ile, geçmişte niyet ettiğimiz, planladığımız, ama çeşitli nedenlerle yapamadığımız eylemleri anlatırız. I was going to visit my parents last night, but just as I was leaving home, some guests arrived, so I couldn't. (Dün akşam ailemi ziyaret edecektim ama ..... ) We were going to have an exam yesterday, but we couldn't finish the unit, so the teacher postponed the exam until next week. (Dün sınav olacaktık ama ...... )
EXERCISE 19: Complete the sentences using the Simple Future (wiII) or "going to" future.
1. 2. 3.
A: Oh, I've just read in the paper that there's a train strike today. How ................................ you (get) ................................ to work? B: It's O.K. We heard about it yesterday and Jake (drive) .............................. me. A: Have you typed that letter for me? B: Oh no. I forgot all about it. I (do) .............................. it now. A: I'm just popping out because I (buy) ................................some sugar. B: We need coffee as well, you know. A: O.K. I (get) ............................... that too. ELS 61
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4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
9.
10.
She's very pale. She looks as if she (faint) ..................................... A: Can you type this letter for me, please? B: Sure. I (do) .................................. it as soon as I've finished this report. A: Dad, the kitchen tap doesn't work properly. B: Yes, I noticed that this morning, and I brought a few tools with me from work. I (repair) ................................. it after dinner. Watch out! Those books are leaning against your vase. It (fall} .................................. off the shelf. A: We have a lot of bookings tonight! We (get) .................................. home very late again. B: Don't worry. I've just phoned Greg and Tony. They (come) ..................................... to help us with clearing out the mess. A: Do you like chili and rice? B: I'm not too keen on very spicy food. A: I (make) ................................. some with just a pinch of chili powder for you then. .......................................................................... B: Thank you. A: I don't think I (have) .................................. time to fetch Sally's birthday cake this afternoon. B: Don't worry. I (do) .................................. it on my way back from work.
1-28 FUTURE TENSE in TIME CLAUSES "When, after, before, as soon as, etc." gibi zaman bağlaçlarının Past Tense ile kullanımını daha önce görmüştük. Şimdi bu bağlaçların Future Tense ile kullanımlarını inceleyelim.
;
First: Then:
I will do some shopping tomorrow. I will go to the cinema.
,
After I do some shopping tomorrow, I will go to the cinema. First: Then: ,.,;>
She will talk to the teacher. .............. , She will leave school.
Before she leaves school tomorrow, she will talk to the teacher.
Yukarıdaki örneklerde gördüğünüz gibi, her iki eylem de gelecekte gerçekleşecek olmasına rağmen, yan cümlede "will" ya da "going to" kullanılmaz. Yan cümlede Simple Present Tense, temel cümlede ise "'will" ya da "going to" kullanılır.
When she comes home, we will study together. I will wait at home until my mother comes back from shopping. We'II leave home as soon as we finish our work. I'll decide what to do after I receive their letter. She is going to phone us before she comes here. Once you .know the details of this software, you'll find it easy to use. 62 ELS
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EXERCISE 21: Complete the sentences with the Simple Present and/or Present Perfect and Simple Future (will) of the verbs in parentheses.
1. The conference (not, commence) .............................. until all the delegates (arrive) 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
While the delegates are arriving, the authorities (close) ..................................the area to the public. We (not, reserve) ................................. the tickets until we (be) ................................... certain how many people are coming. While you're fetching her from the station, I (check) ..................................that her room is prepared. After she (settle) ................................. in, we (take) ................................... her on a tour of the city. They (not, be) ................................. very happy when they (see) ................................... what a mess we've made. As in all matches, the police (contain) .................................. the crowds tomorrow while the match (be) .................................. in progress. The doormen (not, let) .................................. us in until some people (come) ................................ out because, as a rule, they (only, allow) .................................... a certain number of people in the tower at one time. After the young lawyer (familiarize) ................................. himself with similar court cases, I'm sure he (be) ................................. able to handle the case. We (not be ab7e) .................................. to use our new kitchen before the workmen (check) ................................. all the appliances.
1-29 THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE FORM Affirmative I will be studying. You will be working. He/She/It will be eating. We will be talking. You will be sleeping. They will be shopping.
Negative I won't be studying. You won't be working. He/She/It won't be eating. We won't be talking. You won't be sleeping. They won't be shopping.
Interrogative Will I be studying? Will you be working? Will he/she/it be eating? Will we be talking? Will you be sleeping? Will they be shopping?
1-30 USE OF THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE a)
Bu tensel, gelecekte bir noktada yapıyor olacağımız eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanırız. Don't call me tomorrow between ten and eleven. I'll be having an interview then. At this time next year, you'll probably be attending university. My plane departs at nine, so I'll be Qying to New York at this hour tomorrow.
b)
Bu tense'i birinden bir şey rica ederken de kullanabiliriz. - Will you be going past the post office when you go out? - Yes. Why? - If so, can you post this letter for me? - Will you be using your bike tomorrow? - No, I don't think so. - If not, can you lend it to me for the afternoon?
c)
Future Continuous, özellikle tatil ve seyahatlerle ilgili düzenlemeler hakkında konuşurken, plan ve niyet ifade ederken sıkça kullanılır. Bu anlamda Present Continuous da kullanılabilir. We'lI be staying at the Mediterromaneo Hotel. (=We are staying at the Mediterromaneo Hotel.)
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EXERCISE 22: Complete the sentences with the Simple Future (will do), Future Continuous (will be doing) or Simple Present (do/does) and/or Present Perfect Simple (have/has done) of the verbs In parentheses. • 1.
At the rate he's improving, he (play) .............................. football for the national team by the time he's sixteen! 2. At the end of next week, you (drive) .............................. round Europe, Jane (sail) .............................. across the Mediterranean and I (fee]} .............................. very jealous of you both! 3. Until your grades (improve) ............................... you (have to) .............................. stay at home every evening. 4. At the moment, you think you (never, learn) .............................. to ski, but this time next week you (whiz) .............................. down the slopes like a professional! 5. Do you think you (see) .............................. Mike at any time over the weekend? If so, can you give him a message? 6. I (drop) .............................. you off at the end of your road, but I (not, have) .............................. time to accept your offer of tea, I'm afraid. 7. Contact our agency at the resort as soon as you (get) .............................. there and they (provide) .............................. all the camping equipment you (need) .............................. there immediately. 8. It's more than a little inconvenient, I'm afraid. I (perform) .............................. an operation on a patient at that time, so later in the day would be better. 9. I (work) .............................. night shifts all this week, so it's quite frustrating to think that I (work) .............................. while everybody else is sleeping. 10. After you (undergo) .............................. our expert parachute training, jumping out of an aeroplane (not, bother) .............................. you at all. 11. The police (not, open) .............................. the road until they (clean) .............................. all the debris from the accident away. 12. The mayor (not be able) .............................. to present the prize in person next week because at that time, he (welcome) .............................. the German trade minister. His wife (present) .............................. the prize on his behalf.
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1-31 THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE FORM Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I will have finished. You will have left home. He/She/It will have eaten. We will have left work. You will have bought it. They will have gone out.
I won't have finished. You won't have left home. He/She/It won't have eaten. We won't have left work. You won't have bought it. They won't have gone out.
Will I have finished? Will you have left home? Will he/she/it have eaten? Will we have left work? Will you have bought it? Will they have gone out?
1-32 USE OF THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE a)
Gelecekte bir noktada yapmış, tamamlamış olacağımız eylemleri bu tense ile ifade ederiz. By, before, in a week (or in a week's time), in ten days (or in ten days' time), in three years (or in three years' time) gibi zarflar, bu tense ile çok sık kullanılan zarflardır. She will have graduated from university in two years. She promises that she will have finished her report by tomorrow. They will have completed the new school building by next year.
b)
"By the time", "when" ve "before", bu tense ile sık kullanılan zaman bağlaçlarıdır. I will have finished my homework by the time mother comes back. Before this term is finished, we will have studied half of the units. The children will have gone to bed when the guests arrive.
We will already have eaten dinner when he comes. 0 geldiğinde biz yemeğimizi yemiş olacağız. c)
"By" ile "by the time" arasındaki farka dikkat ediniz. "By" bir preposition olduğu için kendinden sonra bir isim gelir, (by two o'clock, by next month, by tomorrow, by then, etc.) "By the time" ise bir bağlaçtır. Kendinden sonra bir cümle gelir. "By the time" dan sonra "that" kullanılabilir. 1 will have finished my work by 5 o'clock. I will have finished my work by the time (that) you come back. I'll call you at 2:00. I hope you'll have finished your work by then. I'll call you at 2:00. I hope you'll have finished your work by the time (that) I call you..
EXERCISE 23: Complete the sentences with the Simple Future (will do), Future Perfect (will have done) or Simple Present (do/does) of the verbs In parentheses. 1. 2.
Don't spend too much at the Grand Bazaar, or you (regret) ................................. it when you (run out) ................................. of money before the end of your holiday. By the time the credit card statement with this purchase on it (arrive) .................................. I (receive) ................................... my wages. So don't worry. «,
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3.
We (find) ..................................... Jenny either happy or very sad when we (return)
................................. because she (receive) ................................ her exam results by
then. 4.
The police anticipate that the thieves (somehow, manage) ...................................... to
send a message to their accomplices and, by the time they (reach) ................................. their hideout, their accomplices (remove) .......................................
all traces of their criminal activity. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9.
About fifty years from now, the Pacific Ocean (rise) ...................................... to a level
dangerous to the very existence of some inhabited islands. At last I've found two tickets for the concert, but I (pretend) ............................... that I couldn't, when my sister (ask) ............................... me. If I (put) ............................... a quarter of my salary aside every month, by next June, I (save) .............................. enough money to afford a proper holiday abroad. By the time the government (bring) ............................... down inflation, a lot of companies (a/ready, go) ............................... bankrupt. We (adapt) ............................. the computer program, if necessary, once we've seen how suitable it is in its present form.
10. In about a year's time, this system (become) ............................... obsolete, so we ought to start thinking about changing it before too long. 11. We have decided that when the management (announce) ............................... the new pay scales, we (say) ..................................... that we are not satisfied, no matter what percentage they are.
12. Fortunately, when we (arrive) ................................. she (already, break) ................................ the news to him. . 1-33 THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
FORM Affirmative: Negative: Interrogative:
Subject Subject Will
+ will have been doing, + will not have been doing, + subject + have been doing?
1 -34 USE OF THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
a)
Gelecekte bir eylemi ne kadar zamandır yapıyor olacağımızı bu tense ile ifade ederiz. Yani gelecekte süreç bildiririz.
By next year, I will have been teaching English for nine years. Tomorrow, I will start work at 9 and finish at 12, so I will have been working for three hours by the time my last lesson is over.
will have been studying She will start
studying at 2:00. Her mother will come home at 5:00. By the time her mother comes home at 5 o'clock, she will have been studying for three hours.
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She started to work for us last year. Now, she has been working for us for a year. By this time next year, she will have been working for us for two years. The meeting will start at ten, and I will arrive there at eleven. By the time I arrive there, the meeting will have been going on for an hour.
By the next elections, this government will have been running the country for four years. b)
Bu tense ile kullanacağımız fiilleri seçerken dikkatli olmamız gerekir. Ancak work, write, travel, watch, listen, go on, study gibi sürerlik bildiren fiilleri bu tense ile kullanabiliriz. Finish, complete, arrive gibi bir anda olup biten eylemleri ifade eden fiilleri kullanamayız.
"By 9 o'clock tomorrow, I'll have been arriving in Ankara for six hours." ifadesi yanlış bir ifade olur. Çünkü insan, altı saattir bir yere varıyor olamaz. Bu cümleyi ancak şöyle doğru olarak ifade edebiliriz: By 9 o'clock tomorrow, I'll have arrived in Ankara. (.... varmış olacağım.) By the time I arrive in Ankara, Til have been travelling for six hours. ( ... altı saattir yolculuk yapıyor olacağım.) c)
"By the time" yapısıyla "be" fiilinin kullanımına dikkat ediniz. Normalde "by the time", temel cümlede Future Perfect gerektirir. By the time they arrive, I will have eaten my dinner. Ancak "be"
fiili, eğer süreç bildirmiyorsa. Simple Future (will be) ile kullanılır. By the time they arrive, dinner will be over. By the time he retires from his job, he will be sixty. By the time we come back from holiday, they will be married. Eğer "be" fiilini, süreç bildiren bir ifadeyle birlikte kullanırsak. Future Perfect gerektirir. By the time he retires from his job, he win have been in this city for twenty years. By the time we come back from holiday, they will have been married for a month.
EXERCISE 24: Complete the sentences using an appropriate Future tense: will do, will be doing, will have done or will have been doing. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
You can almost guarantee that by the time we get to the box-office, they (se/7) ................................. out of tickets. I (drive)'.................................. past your house at about 8 o'clock tomorrow morning, as that's the way I always go, so if you're ready, wait outside and I [give) ................................ you a lift. Agent A: How ................. I (recognize) ..................him? Agent B: Well, he (wear) ................................. grey trousers, a green jacket and a yellow tie! If you arrive at 6 o'clock, we (wait) .................................. outside the cinema, but by quarter past, we (probably, go) .................................. inside. Probably, for the first few days in your new job, you (experience) ............................... one or two problems, but by the end of the week you (settle) ..................................in. We (be) .................................. exhausted when we arrive as, by then, we (travel) ................................ for about two days in total.
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At this time tomorrow evening, we (congratulate) .................................. ourselves on having completed an excellent piece of work! 8. Next February, you (work) .................................. for us for ten years, Mr. Wilson, and you (qualify) ................................. for our employee pension scheme. 9. I (take) .................................. the fabric out of the dye at four o'clock because, by then, it (soak) .................................. in the solution for two hours, and I think that (be) ................................. enough. 10. Fire fighters are confident and believe that, by midnight tomorrow, they (extinguish) ................................. the forest fire. 11. The leader of the rescue operation (inspect) ................................. the area again at 7 p.m. this evening. By then, the task force (dig) ...................................for survivors for three full days. After his inspection, he (make) ................................. a decision about the likelihood of finding anyone else alive in the rubble. 12. I'm sure that by the time my daughter reaches adulthood, the world (look) ................................. very different than it does today. 7.
EXERCISE 25: Complete the sentences using "until1 or "by the time". 1.
He waited at the arranged place .................................. he realized that she wasn't going to turn up. 2. We'll all have died of hunger .................................. you finish cooking dinner! 3. He's working late this evening, so we won't have dinner .................................... he gets home. 4 ....................................... she was sixteen, she was already an accomplished musician. 5 ...................................... he was fourteen, he never went anywhere, apart from to school, without his parents. 6. Jane: I'm not going to eat any cakes ................................... I've lost enough weight to fit into these jeans. Mary: But then, they'll have gone out of fashion ................................... you are thin enough to wear them. 7. I'm sure she'll be sleeping .................................. we get home, because she normally goes to bed around this time. 8. He stayed at the party .................................. the last guest had gone. 9 ....................................... the last person left, it was after three o'clock in the morning. 10. You won't make any progress .................................. you start taking your studies more seriously. 11..................................... we get an answer from them, it'll be too late. 12..................................... I tried it myself, I'd never thought that jogging could be enjoyable. 13. The fire was already under control ................................... the fire brigade arrived. 14. The plane won't take off .................................. the captain has completed all the safety checks. 15. I didn't know Janice could speak fluent Japanese ................................... she told me about her new job in Tokyo.
1-35 TENSE AGREEMENT in TIME CLAUSES Zaman bağlaçları temel cümle ile yan cümle arasında "tense" uyuşması gerektirir. PAST TIME: "When I got home ....... " cümlesini tamamlarken getireceğimiz yapılar mutlaka Past Time' a ait bir tense olmalıdır. When I got home, I had a bath and then ate my dinner. I slept for three hours and then studied until midnight.
my son was sleeping. my parents had eaten their dinner. my son had been sleeping for two hours. ELS Q 69
69
PRESENT TIME: "When I get home after work, ....." ifadesini, eğer genelde yaptığımız bir işi anlatmak üzere kullanıyorsak, Present Time'a ait bir yapı ile tamamlayabiliriz. When I get home after work, I usually take a rest for a while. first of all, I play with my son for a while. FUTURE TIME:
:
!
:
"When I get home after work tomorrow, ..... " ifadesi ise temel cümlede mutlaka Future bir yapı gerektirmektedir. (Yan cümlede Future tense kullanılmadığına dikkat ediniz.) When I get home after work tomorrow,
I will take a rest for a while. my son will be sleeping. my son will have been sleeping for two hours. our guests will have arrived. I am going to sleep for two hours. '
EXER CISE 26: Use any appropriat e tense for the verbs in parenthes es. 1.
2.
3.
The government (just, take) ................................. a number of measures to bring inflation down and to improve the economic situation. There (be) ................................. a public outcry when they (announce) ...................................the new tax system and other economic decisions two weeks ago. There (be) ................................. several protest demonstrations in many parts of the country since then, and I think they (increase) ................................. in the future if the economy doesn't improve soon. Two weeks ago, we (intend] .................................. to spend a quiet weekend at home, without hurrying to have breakfast or without worrying about the heavy traffic on the roads, but nothing (go) ................................. as we (arrange) ................................. it before. First, I (cut) ....................................myself badly while I (do) .................................. the dishes after breakfast. We (try) .................................. hard to stop the bleeding and then we (put) ................................. a bandage on the cut. In the meantime, our son (play) .................................. with his friend in his room. Because they (both, be) ................................. very naughty children, they (usually, hurt) ................................. each other while they (play) ................................... together, and it happened so that day. Just as we (sit) ................................... down to watch a good movie on television, after my unfortunate accident, we (hear) ................................. our son crying. We (hurry) ................................... to his room to see what (happen) .................................... What we saw was terrible. The other boy (throw} .................................. a metal toy car at our son's face, and it (hit) ................................. him just above his right eye. It was badly bruised, and a line of blood (trickle) ................................. down his cheek. I (nearly, faint) ................................. when I (see) ................................... this scene. Anyway, we (take) ................................. him to the nearest hospital without delay, and our quiet weekend was spent at the hospital. There (be) .................................. great changes in the climates of the world in recent years. One (not, know) ................................. what to expect from one day to another. In the past, people (know) ................................. when spring would start, or when summer would come, but now, all the seasons (seem) ................................... to be mixed together. Just two days ago, we (wear) .................................. thick pullovers because of the unexpected cold, but today, we (wear) .................................. our short-sleeved T-shirts again. Scientists say that the hole in the ozone layer (cause) ................................. these changes. I'm afraid future generations (face) 70
................................. terrible conditions on earth.
70 Q ELS
71
4.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
15. 16.
17. 18. 19.
20. 21.
22.