Els English Through Reading Answer Key
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TEŞEKKÜR Emeği en yüce değer kabul eden yayınevimiz, kitabın hazırlanmasında değerli katkıları olan, Gillian Kincaid, Scott Berry, Michael D. Sheridan, Lisa Terry ve Peter Dore'a, ayrıca, sayfa düzenlemesi ve diğer hazırlıkların her aşamasında yoğun emek harcayan tüm ELS çalışanlarına teşekkürlerini sunar.
ÖNSÖZ YDS, KPDS, ÜDS vb. sınavlarda adayların zorlandıkları en önemli bölümlerden biri paragraf konusudur. "ENGLISH THROUGH READING", farklı bilgi alanlarından seçilmiş okuma parçası ve her parçadan sınavlardaki soru formatına göre düzenlenmiş çok sayıda alıştırma ve egzersizle, sınava hazırlanan adayların bu zorluğu aşmasında yardımcı kaynak olarak hazırlanmıştır. "ENGLISH THROUGH READING" hazırlanırken; Okuma parçalarının seçiminde ve alıştırmaların düzenlenmesinde INTERMEDIATE, UPPER-INTERMEDIATE ve ADVANCED olmak üzere üç farklı düzey esas alınmıştır. Her parçanın sonunda yer alan READING COMPREHENSION soruları ve VOCABULARY çalışmalarıyla, İngilizce okuma-anlama ve anlatılanı kavrayıp soru tiplerine uygun analiz ve sentezler yapabilme becerisinin geliştirilmesine katkı sağlamak amaçlanmıştır. Okuma parçaları, ekonomiden ekolojiye, fizikten felsefeye kadar çok farklı bilim alanlarından seçilerek hem düşünsel ve dilsel bir zenginlik yaratılmış, hem de alanların kendine özgü kavramları ve terimleri parçanın akışı içerisinde verilerek bunların doğru ve kalıcı olarak öğrenilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Yukarıda
belirtilen nitelikleriyle "ENGLISH THROUGH READING",
-YDS - KPDS - ÜDS - TOEFL - İngilizce Hazırlık Muafiyet Sınavı gibi, İngilizce Yeterlik Sınavı'na hazırlanan adaylar için son derece yararlı bir kaynaktır. 10 yıldır çalışma alanı olarak yalnızca İngilizce'yi seçmiş olan ELS Yayıncılık olarak, bu süre içerisinde edindiğimiz deneyim ve bunun sağladığı birikimle ve özenle hazırladığımız "ENGLISH THROUGH READING"i sizlerin ilgisine sunuyor, katkı ve eleştirilerinizi bekliyoruz. Sağlık, esenlik ve başarı dileklerimizle Nesibe Sevgi ONDEŞ Yayın Kurulu Başkanı
ENGLISH THROUGH READING Nesibe Sevgi Öndeş
Birinci Baskı: Ağustos ISBN: Tüm Yayın Hakları ELS Yayıncılık LTD. ŞTİ.'ne Aittir. izinsiz Olarak Hiçbir Biçimde Basılamaz, Çoğaltılamaz.
ELS Yayıncılık LTD. ŞTI. Yönetim Yeri: Caferaga Mah. Moda Cad. No: 48/4 Kadıköy/İSTANBUL Tel: 18 24 - 02 47 Fax: 18 25 Web: monash.pw e-mail: [email&#;protected]
ELS-YDS Dergisi Aboneleri İçin
ÜCRETSİZDİR
Sayfa düzeni ve grafik tasarım M. Ender Öndeş
Basıldığı Yer Yapım Tanıtım Yayıncılık LTD. ŞTİ Tel: 51 4 9 - 5 0
CONTENTS INTERMEDIATE PASSAGES 1. THE BEST RECRUITING AGENTS 85 2. TO BRING BACK LOST MEMORIES 10 3. PALM TREES 12 4. OVERREACTING TO A JOKE 14 5. ALPINE FORESTS 16 6. THE ASSEMBLY LINE 18 7. ALLERGIC REACTIONS TO COSMETICS 20 8. THE "JAZZ AGE" 22 9. PACIFIC SALMON FOR THE JAPANESE 24 THE MUSEUM ROBBERY 26 READING 28 READING TO THE CHILD 30 JUST FOR PLEASURE 32 THE INVADERS 34 WEANING 36 THE COMPUTER 38 WHEN SEIZED WITH CRAMP 40 A "SISSY" OR A "TOM-BOY" 42 THE CHAIN OF HOPE 44 CHARLES CHAPLIN 46 TO CURE THE CRUELTY OF CHILDREN 48 HEADSET STEREOS 50 THE REASONS FOR RAPID POPULATION GROWTH 52 LIFE AFTER DEATH 54 NOTTING HILL CARNIVAL 56 ALFRED NOBEL - A MAN OF CONTRASTS 58 ATTITUDES TOWARDS MONEY 60 SPIDERS 62 HOW TO TRAIN ELEPHANTS 64 TEENAGE ENTREPRENEURS 66 CHINESE NEW YEAR 68 LEVI STRAUSS 70 ASTROLOGY 72 THE IMPORTANCE OF DREAMS 74 EUROPE'S LAST UTOPIA 76 THE GORILLA'S CHEST-BEATING 78 LOVE 80 THE MIND'S EYE 82 THE WILL TO LIVE 84 DEBATE OVER THE WORLD'S FUTURE 86 THE IMPORTANCE OF LETTER-WRITING .. 88 THE WIND'S WITH US 90 WEEP FOR HEALTH 92 THE BENEFITS OF TECHNOLOGY 94 NADIA COMANECI 96 THE TITANIC 98 WHERE NEW PRODUCTS COME FROM HOW TO TREAT FROSTBITE UNFAIRNESS TO THE PIG TEA INNOVATIONS THE FATHER OF THE AMERICAN RESTAURANT
SOCRATES POSSESSING A MATHEMATICAL MIND SHORT STORIES THE SPICE TRADE ALEXANDRE DUMAS CLASSIFYING LIFE FORMS ICE-BORG SMALL WHALES SWIMMING BIRDS OF THE ANTARCTIC LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN OUR ANIMAL FRIENDS I-HOCH'UAN IS IT ART? HISTORY OR BIOGRAPHY? ARE THEY EVIL? WHY LEAVE? FROM HOLY WATER TO COCA-COLA THE BIRTH OF ROCK AND ROLL JUDO THE PHILADELPHIA MUSEUM OF ART'S FAMOUS STEPS A COUNTRY WALK FAKE ART THE ORGAN OF VISION QUEEN VICTORIA UPPER-INTERMEDIATE PASSAGES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
HEALTH EDUCATION DARWIN'S THEORY OF EVOLUTION TIMING THE CRITICISM HAGIA SOPHIA THE LOST SETTLERS TO TAKE UP EXERCISE JAPANESE EMPLOYEES TEMPERAMENTS OF MAN AND WOMAN 9. ACTIVE NOISE CONTROL FAITH IN DRUGS THE LOCH NESS MONSTER THE PUFFER FISH SPARTACUS THE CHINESE LANGUAGE JACQUELINE BOUVIER KENNEDY ONASSIS EXACTLY THE RIGHT WORD THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIETY THE HABIT OF CHEERFULNESS BIGGER MAY NOT BE BETTER TO TEACH OR NOT TO TEACH ROMANTICISM WHAT ARE YOU LAUGHING AT? BOUNCING BALLS AND BEATING HEARTS HENRY FORD: HUMANITARIAN AND BUSINESSMAN
THE WANDERING MINSTREL CREATIVE WRITING THE FIRST RENAISSANCE MAN WITHOUT A TRACE MIGUEL GIL MORENO THE DANGER OF HEIGHT FROM HASHSHASHIN TO ASSASSIN ETERNAL ART, TRANSITORY TECHNOLOGY BOGEY AND BACALL VITAMIN FROM "VITAL AMINE" DR. DEAN ORNISH'S PROGRAM THOMAS CARLYLE ROME'S FOUNTAINS THE PYRENEES SUSAN ELOISE HINTON SEE NAPLES AND DIE! KATHERINE MANSFIELD SANTA CLAUS SIR JAMES PAUL McCARTNEY THE FIRST MAN-MADE OBJECTS IN THE SKY TOURISM ORGANIC FARMING THE NEED FOR THE STUDY OF HISTORY HOW TO BRUSH YOUR TEETH THE BEGINNING OF SYNTHETICS JAPANESE GARDENS THE TEMPLE OF BOROBODUR CULTURE SHOCK FIELDS OF PSYCHOLOGY THE GINSENG PLANT THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE HEALTH EDUCATION IN SCHOOLS APOLLO 13 JOAQUIN MURIETA EVEN BETTER THAN TODAY'S TEXTILES YANKEE SPHINX OGAI MORI ONE REASON TO VISIT AMERICA AN EXAMPLE OF ABSTRACT ART A PARADISE FOR AUTHORS AND ARTISTS HARRIET MONROE GULLIVER'S TRAVELS CYRUS FIELD THE MODERN APPROACH TO DISPLAYING ANIMALS HELEN KELLER DANIEL DEFOE BACKPACKERS GRAFFITI CHANGING TRENDS IN AUTO COLOUR THE SPIRIT OF ENTERPRISE
ADVANCED PASSAGES 1. THE INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE 2. THE HISTORY OF WINE 3. THE DIARIES OF SAMUEL PEPYS 4. CRANBERRY 5. THE ENVIRONMENT 6. LIFTING THE DIVORCE BAN 7. JOHN GRISHAM 8. PARENTS' ATTITUDE TO ADOLESCENTS 9. THE CODE OF HAMMURABI THE HOME OFFICE - THE SHORTEST COMMUTE THE AGE OF SAMURAIS AND SHOGUNS TRAINING TO BE A DANCER THE POLGAR SISTERS THE TIGRIS RIVER JAMES HARGREAVES THE FAUST LEGEND HALLUCINOGENS CONFUCIUS EARLY BRITISH PRISONS WILLIAM TELL IRISH TRADITIONAL MUSIC BLOOD, SWEAT AND TEARS THE EFFECTS OF SCARY MOVIES ON CHILDREN PAUL SERENO THE END OF THE MINOAN CIVILIZATION ENVIRONMENTAL RACISM MINIATURE ADULTS THE REMAINS OF THE QUEEN ANNE'S REVENGE A LONGING FOR THE PAST THE ODYSSEY THE MADRID METRO WILLIAM H. TAFT THE SHIFTING ECONOMY A DIFFERENT OUTLOOK ON LIFE THE HAYMARKET RIOT THESEUS FIRDAWSI MALPRACTICE HOW TO LIVE TO BE THE INTERNET HOW TO BECOME A KING? THE MYSTERIES OF THE UNIVERSE OWNER OF A SAMURAI ARMY WARRIOR WOMEN PELE, THE SOCCER LEGEND GRAND CANYON FESTIVAL IN ZIMBABWE THE ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS OF WAR AQUACULTURE MAGNIFICENT MALLS
INTERMEDIATE PASSAGES
THE BEST RECRUITING AGENTS In a servant girl wrote home to her brother from Port Adelaide, South Australia: "I have accepted a situation at £20 per annum, so you can tell the servants in your neighbourhood not to stay in England for such wages as from £4 to £8 a year, but come here." Letters such as these, which were circulated from kitchen to kitchen and from attic to attic in English homes, were the best recruiting agents for the colonies, which were then so desperately in need of young women to serve the pioneers who were trying to create a new life for themselves in their chosen countries. Other girls read about the much better prospects overseas in newspapers and magazines, which also published advertisements giving details of free or assisted passages.
E X E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
a) job (in the passage, as a servant) b) for each year c) money paid for work - especially unskilled work (plural) d) move from place to place, or person to person in a particular group; pass round e) room at the top of a house in the space immediately below the roof f) the finding of new workers g) very greatly; seriously h) one of the first people to go to a new country to work or settle i)
chance of success, especially in work [plural)
j) abroad; in a foreign country across the sea k) without payment; costing nothing I) provided with or given help with raising money for something m) journey by ship from one place to another
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COLUMN B
E X E R C I S E 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. Those women who went to the colonies as servants A)
were all recruited through agents back in England
B)
missed their families greatly
C)
played the most important role in attracting others
D)
found themselves being moved from kitchen to kitchen
E)
had the pioneering spirit necessary for starting new lives
2. Getting to the colonies from England for the servants A)
could cost as little as £4
B)
was essential if they wanted to escape life in English attics
C)
was only possible if an agent had recruited them
D)
did not pose any financial problem
E)
required a written invitation from someone already there
3. It is stated in the passage that A)
no men could get jobs as servants in Australia
B)
servants were in great demand for the pioneers establishing new lives
C)
English homes were short of servants as so many went overseas
D)
the pioneers who went to the colonies were all men
E)
emigration from England to Australia started in
E X E R C I S E 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
A person with good qualifications is bound to have brighter
than
someone without. 2.
The local shops are giving away sets of kitchen knives
with every
purchase over £ 3.
The news
so quickly round the office that by the end of the day,
everyone had heard it. 4.
Many of the
had no information as to what difficulties they would face
once they arrived in their new land. 5.
She
wanted a bicycle, and begged her parents day and night for one.
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9
2
TO BRING BACK LOST MEMORIES Our unconscious mind contains many millions of past experiences that, so far as our conscious mind knows, are lost forever. By means of several devices, we now know how to bring back lost memories. One method is "free association", used by psychiatrists. If a patient lets his conscious mind wander at will, it can give him clues to forgotten things which, if skilfully pursued by the doctor, will bring up whole networks of lost ideas and forgotten terrors. There are certain drugs which also help in this process; hypnotism, too, can be of tremendous value in exploring a patient's unconscious.
E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A
a) for all time b) method for doing something, or for getting an intended result c) allow your thoughts to go from subject to subject; stop concentrating d) whenever, however, and as much as you want to e) something which suggests the answer to, or gives information about a problem f) try to find out more through questioning g) large number of things that are connected to each other h) something which causes very great fear i)
10
very great; very important
ELS
COLUMN B
E X E R C I S E 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage. 1. According to the passage, it is possible A)
to use drugs to cure patients of their past terrors
B)
to bring our lost memories to the surface through several methods
C)
that psychological problems develop through the inability to forget certain things
D)
that hypnotism can cause a patient to forget past terrors
E)
for most people to choose to forget about their past experiences
2. In the method of "free association" A)
unpleasant memories are pushed into the unconscious mind
B)
the use of hypnotism is essential
C)
certain drugs are more effective than hypnotism
D)
all one's millions of past experiences are easily recalled
E)
the patient's co-operation is needed
3. We can conclude from the passage that A)
most psychological disorders are caused by the inability to forget certain things
B)
only a skilful doctor can open up one's unconscious mind
C)
our unconscious mind only contains the things we don't want to remember
D)
many of one's past experiences are stored in one's unconscious mind
E)
a patient can't be made aware of his forgotten experiences without drugs or hypnotism
E X E R C I S E 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1. 1.
I've decided not to
the matter just now, but don't think I've forgotten
about it. 2.
All of you have put
effort into the campaign, so it's thanks to you that
everything is going so well. 3.
The chairman has given us no
as to what he's going to say at the
meeting, so we'll just have to wait and see. 4.
The language teacher has a number of
which she can employ in order
to get her students to speak. 5.
The lecture was so boring that on several occasions I realized that my attention had started to
ELS 11
PALM TREES Of the world's 2,plus species of palm trees, the Palmyra palm is most important to man, next to the coconut palm, because it yields food and provides over one hundred different useful end-products. To obtain the majority of its benefits, the Palmyra needs to be climbed twice daily to extract the nutritious juice from its flower-bunches. It is this juice, converted by several different methods, that is the basis for a wide variety of other products. Collecting this juice, however, is arduous - and often dangerous - work, for the trees can top 30 metres in height.
E X E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
a) more than b) produce naturally c) final result after treatment or processing d) get e) more than half of the total; most f)
something good or useful
g) get something from or out of something else h) having high value as food, e.g. containing vitamins, etc. i)
change (in form, etc.)
j)
tiring; involving a lot of energy and effort
k) be taller, higher or more than
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COLUMN B
E X E R C I S E 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. When the Palmyra is climbed twice a day A)
it is possible to get most of its benefits
B)
strict safety measures are taken
C)
the best coconuts can be picked
D)
it encourages the tree to grow to over thirty metres
E)
the flowers are collected for processing
2. According to the passage A)
each palm tree can produce over coconuts
B)
the juice from coconuts is very nutritious
C)
there are at least two and a half thousand types of palm tree
D)
there are several different ways of collecting Palmyra flower juice
E)
many people rely on palm trees for their basic food requirements
3. The juice from the Palmyra's flower-bunches A)
is better quality if the tree is at least 30 metres high
B)
is only produced at certain times of the day
C)
gets converted into over different food types
D)
is extracted by pressing the picked flowers
E)
provides the raw material for many other products
E X E R C I S E 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
The results we
weren't what we'd expected, so we may have to carry
out the experiment again. 2.
For the first time in the company's history, sales have
3.
If you are planning to grow your own tomatoes, I'd recommend planting this variety as it generally
4.
$10 million.
a larger crop than other types.
The best quality olive oil is that which is
from the olives at the first
pressing. 5.
During the fermentation period of wine-making, the natural sugar in the grapes is to alcohol.
ELS
13
O V E R R E A C T I N G TO A J O K E More often than not, the person who habitually laughs longest and loudest when I a joke is retold does not possess a particularly keen sense of humour. Though he 1 may not admit it, he is vaguely aware of his deficiency, and frequently goes to 1 extremes to cover it up. A mediocre joke is likely to get as big a rise out of him as a I truly humorous one. Psychological studies, likewise, show that people with a really I keen sense of humour are not prone to much laughter. They are highly appreciative 1 of humour, but they are also discriminating. And they never overreact.
E X E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A a) usually; according to someone's usual behaviour b) tell; repeat, having heard it from someone else c) have; own d) more than normally; noticeably e) sharp; strong; active; very aware f)
ability to see when something is amusing (phrase)
g) only to a small degree; not clearly h) shortage or lack of something; weakness i)
often
j) do more than is considered reasonable or acceptable (phrase) k) not very good; of a poor standard I) very probably the case; to be expected m) cause someone to react with laughter, anger, etc. (phrase) n) moreover; in a similar way o) have a tendency; generally behave in a certain way (phrase) p) feeling enjoyment, pleasure and understanding q) able to recognize good quality; able to see small differences between good and bad
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COLUMN B
E X E R C I S E 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. According to the writer, it isn't necessarily true that A)
mediocre jokes are only laughed at by people with no sense of humour
B)
people with a keen sense of humour never overreact
C)
a person who is aware of his weak sense of humour will always overreact
D)
some jokes are better than others
E)
the longer a person laughs, the keener his sense of humour
2. Those with a really keen sense of humour A)
never show it through laughter
B)
tell mediocre jokes to make other people overreact
C)
don't appreciate the company of those with a poor sense of humour
D)
are able to distinguish between good and bad jokes
E)
will laugh for a long time at a truly humorous joke
3. The writer believes that by overreacting to a joke A)
some people are trying to hide the shortcomings in their sense of humour
B)
you make the person who told it feel inadequate in some way
C)
you spoil the humour for other people
D)
a person can demonstrate how mediocre it is
E)
a person shows how discriminating he is about humour
E X E R C I S E 3." Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1. 1.
As young children, we absorb a lot of language before we utter our first words. , when we're learning a second language, we shouldn't be expected to produce it until we have taken it in.
2.
He's very
you know, and he will immediately notice if we serve him a
cheap bottle of wine. 3.
I
remember you telling me this before, but tell me again as I've
forgotten most of the details. 4.
He's good at all the sciences
physics, and he seems to understand
even the most complicated concepts with no effort at all. 5.
I'm
to be home late this evening, so don't wait to eat if you're hungry.
ELS • 15
i
ALPINE FORESTS Forests are the lifeguards of the snowy peaks of the Alps. They provide a natural barrier against avalanches and landslides, but the skiing industry, which proved a boon for poor Alpine farmers, is damaging the environment. Forests have been felled to make way for more ski runs, car parks, and hotels, and Alpine meadows have been abandoned by farmers keen to exploit tourism. Consequently, the avalanche has now become a common phenomenon. Forestry experts estimate that two-thirds of the several thousand avalanches that descend into inhabited parts each year are the result of forest depletion.
E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A a) an expert swimmer employed at a beach or pool to protect other swimmers from drowning or other accidents (used metaphorically in the passage) b) pointed top of a mountain c) something that stops or hinders movement from one place to another d) great mass of snow and ice that slides down the side of a mountain e) small movement of rocks and soil down the side of a hill or other slope f) advantage; something that makes life better or easier g) cut down (of trees) h) area of grassland i) stop looking after and leave, not intending to return j) eager; wanting (to do something) very much k) develop in order to make money; take advantage of I) something that happens and can be seen or experienced m) calculate approximately n) go or move downwards o) with people living there; occupied p) reduction; being used up so that little or none remains
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COLUMN B
E X E R C I S E 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. In the Alps, the attraction of tourism A)
causes two thousand avalanches a year
B)
has diverted some farmers away from the care of the land
C)
has brought much-needed help for protecting the environment
D)
has lessened due to the threat of avalanches
E)
forced many farmers to leave the area
2. As a consequence of the depletion of Alpine forests A)
many farmers have had to turn to tourism for work
B)
the skiing industry has suffered a great decline
C)
only one-third of all avalanches occur in uninhabited parts
D)
many areas are now uninhabitable
E)
the frequency of avalanches has greatly increased
3. Alpine farmers A)
were the people who initiated the development of the skiing industry
B)
have had much of their land taken from them by those involved in tourism
C)
used to be poor before the rise of the skiing industry
D)
were forced to turn their meadows into hotels and car parks
E)
feel that they have been exploited by tourism
E X E R C I S E 3," Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1. 1.
Recent restrictions on imports have led to a
of the country's oil
reserves. 2.
The police put
around the stadium to try to stop those supporters
without tickets from attempting to get in. 3.
The puppies had obviously been
by their mother, so we decided to
take them in and look after them. 4.
Environmentalists are claiming that the construction company
more
trees than necessary while building the new road. 5.
She
the stairs slowly, careful not to catch her foot in her long skirt.
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17
THE ASSEMBLY LINE Henry Ford was a car builder. He was not the first to have the idea of the horseless coach. The Germans Daimler and Benz had invented it, but he was the first to use the assembly line for mass production. His Model-T car was the first to be produced on the assembly line. The new system cut the time in which the car was put together from 14 hours to 1 hour and 33 minutes. Eventually the price of the car fell from $1, to $ The car lacked certain luxuries; still, it could be relied on and did not need much looking after. Soon, the Model-T became the people's car. After nineteen years, when the Model-T became obsolete and sales dropped sharply - for other car manufacturers, copying Ford's assembly line system, were able to bring down the costs of much more attractive cars - Ford developed the new
Model-A. It, too, was the most inexpensive car on the market. Today there are hardly any factories to be found where Ford's assembly line system is not being utilized for mass production.
E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A
a) four-wheeled covered vehicle pulled by horses b) arrangement of workers and machines where each worker completes only one part of the production and then passes it along to another for the next stage c) the making of something in large quantities d) in the end; after a time e) not have; be without f)
no longer used; out-of-date
g) quickly and to a great degree h) person or company that makes things in factories in large quantities i)
make use of
18 • ELS
COLUMNB
E X E R C I S E 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. Ford's assembly line system A)
was invented by the Germans Daimler and Benz
B)
was reliable and did not need much maintenance
C)
is used in almost every factory today
D)
became obsolete after nineteen years
E)
could put a car together in twelve hours and twenty-seven minutes
2. Henry Ford A)
went bankrupt when sales of his Model-T dropped
B)
introduced the system of mass production on an assembly line
C)
made profits of only $ on his first mass-produced car
D)
produced the Model-T, which was the first car ever to be built
E)
worked in partnership with Daimler and Benz
3. Ford had to cease the production of the Model-T because A)
manufacturing costs had risen to over $1,
B)
he-could not compete with the mass production methods of Daimler and Benz
C)
the Model-A was being sold at a much lower price
D)
other manufacturers had copied its design
E)
the price of more luxurious cars had dropped
E X E R C I S E 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1. 1.
Prices have risen
in the last month and the government is battling to
bring the economy under control. 2.
Before we start spending money on a new office, perhaps we should see if we can
3.
Computers and word processors have become so commonplace these days that the
the space we already have more effectively. traditional typewriter is virtually 4.
Although she is quite a good pianist, she
the talent necessary to make
a professional career in music. 5.
We're saving a small amount of money every month and we hope,
, to
have enough to buy a car.
ELS • 19
ALLERGIC REACTIONS TO COSMETICS In a recent survey, it was found that 25 percent of the women interviewed reported drying and burning of the skin after using certain soaps, ten percent had eye and nasal irritations after using certain perfumes, and eight percent had cracked lips after using certain lipsticks. The most common symptoms of allergic dermatitis are extremely dry skin, scaling, and redness with swelling and itching. The products most likely to cause this condition are lipstick, nail polish, soap, hair preparations, deodorants, and perfumes. Various drugs are being developed for the relief of allergy sufferers. However, your best help is to convert to a cosmetic product to which you have no harmful reaction. Remember that the product is not at fault or in any way injurious; it is your particular sensitivity to it that creates the problem. A line of hypo-allergenic cosmetics that are relatively free from substances that have been found to create allergic reactions is on the market.
E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A a) investigation or study of people's behaviour,
opinions, etc. b) of the nose c) feeling of discomfort or pain d) having lines or splits on its surface because it is damaged e) sign of illness, indicated by changes in the body's condition f) a skin condition or disease g) becoming covered in hard, dry patches; coming off in small, dry patches h) becoming greater in size or rounder than normal i) unpleasant feeling on the skin which makes the person want to scratch it j) to be expected; probably the case k) lessening or removal of pain, discomfort, etc. I) change from one thing to another m) harmful; damaging n) relating to or belonging to only one; being separate or different from others of the same kind o) not causing an allergic reaction; containing fewer substances known to cause allergic reactions p) compared with others; comparatively
20 • ELS
COLUMN B
E X E R C I S E 2 : Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. The writer advises those with allergic reactions to
A)
stop using soap
B)
take anti-allergenic drugs
C)
change their brand of cosmetics
D)
avoid all cosmetics
E)
complain to the manufacturer
2. It's likely that the aim of the survey was
A)
to test how well a particular brand of soap was selling
B)
to aid the drug manufacturers in their development of remedies
C)
to get evidence to support a legal claim for damages against a cosmetics company
D)
to collect the information needed to force cosmetics companies to withdraw certain products
E)
to get an idea of how women react physically to cosmetics
3. Certain products cause allergies because
A)
they are very low quality
B)
the women are taking drugs which react adversely to the cosmetics
C)
the women overuse them by as much as 25 percent
D)
certain people are sensitive to their ingredients
E)
the manufacturers use harmful ingredients because they are cheaper
E X E R C I S E 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
He's having his old garage
2.
I'm
3.
One or two of the mugs are
4.
There's a/an
into a photographic studio.
tall, but even I can't reach that top shelf. , but most of them are in perfect condition. programme I'd like to watch this evening if no one has
any objections. 5.
I think that the cause of my eye
is the smoke from your cigarettes.
ELS
21
THE "JAZZ AGE" Some of America's finest novelists began to write in the s, or the "Jazz Age", as this decade is sometimes termed. Older authors such as Theodore Dreiser and Ellen Glasgow were still writing, but new authors wrote with new attitudes and styles. Most of the serious novelists critically analyzed American society and ways of life and tried to depict Americans as they really were. F. Scott Fitzgerald caught the restless spirit of the s in his The Great Gatsby. Ernest Hemingway depicted war and disillusionment in his The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms. With his direct, unadorned style and forceful dialogue, Hemingway set a pattern for much future American literature. Sinclair Lewis, the first American to win the Nobel Prize for Literature, satirized the American businessman and small town in his Main Street and Babbitt. His style was mediocre, but his work vividly dissected a large section of American life.
E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A a) period of ten years, e.g. b) describe c) unable to settle; unable to relax or be still; wanting or needing to move d) disappointment; state of having lost belief in something e) goodbye f) weapons; guns g) without decoration; plain h) strong; powerful; confident i)
criticize, make fun of or attack people's behaviour or society (for their wickedness, foolishness, etc.)
j)
neither very good nor very bad; second-rate
k) clearly; in detail I) examine carefully part by part; analyze m) one of the parts into which something can be divided
22
ELS
COLUMN B
E X E R C I S E 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. Ernest Hemingway's style A)
was extremely satirical
B)
influenced a great many American writers
C)
made him the first American to win the Nobel Prize for Literature
D)
was criticized by most of the serious novelists
E)
was analytical and critical
2. Until Sinclair Lewis, A)
no other writer had used satire
B)
American writing was considered mediocre
C)
the only successful writer was Ernest Hemingway
D)
American life did not feature in novels
E)
no American author had been awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature
3. According to the passage, many authors of the "Jazz Age" A)
were disillusioned because of the war
B)
received awards such as the Nobel Prize for Literature
C)
had a mediocre style
D)
wrote about the realities of American life
E)
were criticized by American society
E X E R C I S E 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1. 1.
He had described his home town so
to me that on my first visit there, I
felt as if I had been there before. 2.
Can you pick me up in an hour as I have a few
to make before we
finally leave? 3.
She gets really
if she stays in one place for longer than about three
months. 4. 5.
I want a very simple, In his books, Charles Dickens clearly
dress with no ribbons, bows or lace. the poverty of nineteenth-century
England.
ELS • 23
PACIFIC SALMON FOR THE JAPANESE Nobody eats as much Pacific salmon as the Japanese, who consume the fish raw, pickled, baked, salted, fried, smoked and put in soup. They eat salmon liver, and salmon skulls, and they process the fish into burgers and sausage. They eat , tons of the fish each year, a third of the world's total catch. The center of it all is Tokyo's Tsukiji fish market, the largest on earth. Long before sunrise, the market is buzzing. Hundreds of men and women rush around between stalls, shout orders at one another, slice fish, work the telephones, and joke under bright strings of lights that shine down on acres of iced-down fish steaks, shark fillets, and thick red slabs of tuna stacked like wood. The concrete floors are newly washed and swept. The whole place smells fresh, like the sea.
E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A a) uncooked b) (of food) preserved in salt water or vinegar c) cooked by dry heat in the oven d) cooked in a pan containing boiling oil or fat e) bony part of the head which encases the brain f)
treat in a way that changes something's form in order to make a product
g) move quickly, busily or excitedly h) large stand or table on which goods are displayed in a market i) cut into thin, wide, flat pieces j)
kept cool with ice
k) thick, flat piece I) neatly arranged in piles m) hard building material made from a mixture of cement and sand
24 • ELS
COLUMN B
E X E R C I S E 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. It is clear from the passage that A)
Pacific salmon are most commonly found in Japanese waters
B)
Tokyo's Tsukiji fish market is close to the sea
C)
the Japanese prepare Pacific salmon in a variety of ways
D)
the only fish eaten in Japan is the Pacific salmon
E)
the Japanese don't eat meat
2. In Tokyo's Tsukiji fish market A)
only Pacific salmon are sold
B)
salmon are processed into burgers and sausage
C)
over , tons of fish are sold every year
D)
only frozen fish are available
E)
work starts very early in the morning
3. It is stated in the passage that A)
the Japanese consume three times as many fish as the rest of the world
B)
the Japanese eat more Pacific salmon than any other nation
C)
fishing is Japan's biggest industry
D)
the only fish market in Japan is Tokyo's Tsukiji
E)
Tokyo's Tsukiji fish market sells a third of the world's total catch of fish
E X E R C I S E 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1. 1.
As I was leaving for work this morning, the market traders had just started setting up their
2.
At the end of our road, there is a large factory, where meat is
into
salami and other products. 3.
Many dieticians say it is better to eat vegetables
because cooking
removes many of the nutrients. 4.
That
office block, which has just been completed, really spoils the look
of our town. 5.
You should
the potatoes quite thinly before cooking them, so use a
sharp knife.
ELS • 25
THE MUSEUM ROBBERY It was, Italian authorities said later, as if the thieves had a catalog and knew just what they were after. Armed bandits bound and gagged six unarmed guards, entered a storeroom containing artifacts from the Roman town of Herculaneum, and stole about objects - gold rings, bracelets, earrings, and precious stones. All had been discovered during excavations of the seaside town, buried by the same eruption of Mount Vesuvius in A.D. 79 that destroyed its larger and better-known neighbor, Pompeii. Authorities said that the stolen items also included a small bronze statue of Bacchus inlaid with copper and silver, a bronze vase, and a box of coins. The total value of objects taken during the robbery was estimated at million dollars. Art historians and others criticized lax security that permitted two gunmen to climb a wall, enter the site, and break through a flimsy partition to get into the room where the artifacts were kept. Some of the critics also complained that the guards were unarmed. Officials said it would be hard for anyone to sell the stolen objects because all had been catalogued and photographed, and most had been exhibited and published.
E X E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A a) b) c) d)
carrying a weapon, especially a gun robber carrying a weapon; one of a gang tie up tightly with rope or string tie a piece of cloth round the mouth to prevent speaking or shouting e) something made by man, usually of archaeological interest f) diamonds, rubies, emeralds, etc. g) cover with soil, rocks, etc. h) explosion of a volcano i) one of a collection or list of things j) having pieces of metal, wood, etc., set into the surface of another kind of metal, wood, etc., so that the resulting surface is smooth and level, and a design or pattern is formed k) piece of metal used as money I) not careful, strict or obeying rules; inattentive m) made of light, thin material, therefore weak and easily damaged n) thin wall, or screen, dividing two rooms, or one room into separate parts
26 • ELS
COLUMNB
E X E R C I S E 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. It is stated in the passage that the stolen goods A)
were the most valuable items in the museum
B)
were part of the museum's exhibition
C)
have now been pictured in a catalog to make resale impossible
D)
consisted entirely of jewelry
E)
were too well-known to be sold easily
2. The artifacts stolen from the museum A)
came from the ancient city of Pompeii
B)
were not on display
C)
had never been exhibited in the museum
D)
were all made in A.D. 79
E)
were all made of metal
3. Some people commented that A)
the guards shouldn't have been carrying guns
B)
the statue of Bacchus was the most valuable item
C)
the thieves had clearly been in possession of a catalog
D)
the thieves were able to take advantage of poor security
E)
it was strange that none of the guards were harmed
E X E R C I S E 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1. 1.
The box the goods were packed in was so
that it fell apart in the post.
2.
The prisoners were made to stand in a line with their hands
3.
their backs. Procedures seem to be so attention is paid to hygiene at all.
4.
behind
in that hospital that I doubt that any
From the map, they guessed that the treasure was
in a deserted plot
of land, about two hundred metres to the east of the castle. 5.
She sat quietly on one side of the
listening to their conversation.
ELS
27
READING This is an age of speed! Technological advance has brought jet airplanes and streamlined trains whizzing over transportation lines, helicopters carrying the mail, missiles hurtling through space; telegraphs, long-distance phones, radio, television, telstar and flashing communications. These are just a few examples of the Revolution in Speed, which is hastening us along in its breathless velocity. As for reading, thousands of newspapers, hundreds of magazines and dozens of books roll from the presses daily, speeded by technological invention. Yet no one has enough time to read as much as he would wish. We hurry all day long - workers hurry to their jobs in the morning and they hurry through the working hours in an attempt to accomplish as much as possible. After work they hurry home to hurry out in the evening to a business dinner, a social function, or one of many fascinating diversions. There is more reading to be done than ever before and less time in which to do it! What is the answer? Not more time in which to read, Out the ability to read more in the time we have.
(From Reading Instructions for Today's Children by Nila Banton Smith)
E X E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A a) modernized; made smoother and thus faster b) go extremely fast c) rush or fly violently d) make faster; go or move faster e) out of breath f) speed g) when it comes to h) achieve; do; finish i) very interesting and attractive j)
28
leisure activities
ELS
COLUMNB
E X E R C I S E 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. Technological advance A) B) C) D) E)
made people's lives easier, but caused many of them to feel anxious because of its speed made speed the characteristic of our age, reflecting it onto our everyday life as well left people no time to read, and as a result television viewing became so commonplace decreased interest in reading though reading materials increased in number enormously is greatest in the area of telecommunications
2. At work, as well as in their personal lives, people A) B) C) D) E)
have to acquire different skills to use the new machinery should set aside more time for reading than they do for recreation have to learn as much about the new technology as possible have to act hurriedly so as to succeed in as many things as possible should cut down on their activities so as to have more time for reading
3. The writer suggests that A) B) C) D) E)
people should find a way to increase the amount of their reading in the limited time they are left whatever the person's job is, he has to read to keep pace with the speed of our age the time spent on social functions and recreation can be reduced in order to spare more time for reading people should learn to make a good selection of what to read in the little time they have more time for reading can only be achieved with a well-organized daily routine, without hurrying to do everyting
E X E R C I S E 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1. 1.
Because I haven't had any exercise for many years, even running for the bus leaves me these days.
2.
I have been working non-stop all day, but I don't seem to have
very
much. 3.
I found the lecture absolutely
despite my previous reservations about
the speaker. 4.
She
to reach her destination as it was gradually getting dark.
5.
Everybody in the family seems to have forgotten about that tragic event, but me, I've never stopped thinking about it.
ELS • 29
READING TO THE CHILD It is advisable for parents to read to their children at preschool and early primary levels. When they read to a child from story books, comic strips of the better type, and children's magazines, he becomes aware that books, magazines, and newspapers hold something of interest and amusement for him. He also comes to realize that this "something" which he enjoys is tightly locked within black and white symbols, and that these symbols can be unlocked only when one knows how to read. This awareness and interest form a springboard from which he can leap into learning to read in school, and into the voluntary reading of self-selected books. Parents, however, should not continue reading to their child year after year as he passes through the elementary grades. If the child can only get his reading pleasure through his parents' efforts, he may not have much incentive for doing the reading himself. Parents should decrease their reading to the child as he learns to read and put him on his own as soon as possible.
(From Reading Instructions for Today's Children by Nila Banton Smith)
E X E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
a) cartoon stories b) entertainment c) strictly; securely d) released e) state of being conscious f) create; constitute g) a launch towards a higher level h) jump i) willing j)
chosen on one's own
k) advance; proceed (phrasal verb) I)
motive
m) by himself (phrase)
30 • ELS
COLUMN B
E X E R C I S E 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. Starting to read to a child at an early age A)
enables him to amuse himself with the comic strips
B)
stimulates his wish to read by himself
C)
makes it possible for him to select his own books
D)
is essential during the preschool period
E)
makes him a successful student in elementary school
2. If parents go on reading to the child despite his acquiring this ability A)
they may direct him, even if unconsciously, to appreciate what they themselves do
B)
the child can't learn to make a good selection of what to read
C)
the child is likely to lack the motivation to read on his own
D)
he can never be fluent in reading
E)
he becomes a listener rather than a reader
3. Parents are advised A)
to teach the child to read before he starts elementary school
B)
to start reading with amusing stories so that the child becomes more interested in reading
C)
to leave the child on his own when he no longer gets any pleasure from being read to
D)
to stop reading to the child when he starts elementary school so that they don't interfere with
E)
to stop reading to their child once he has sufficiently acquired reading ability
the teacher's instructions
E X E R C I S E 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE1. 1.
All of the money spent by charities comes from
contributions.
2.
The cat
3.
The children's new toys provided them with hours of
4.
Before learning to
onto the wall, off the other side, and then ran across the
neighbour's garden. the letters, young children have to spend a lot of
time drawing lines. 5.
If you don't fasten the rope
, it may come undone.
ELS • 3 1
JUST FOR PLEASURE In all civilizations, articles are consumed that have no nutrient value but make the food more attractive, or give pleasure. Spices, condiments, herbs, vinegar and pickles are used for this purpose. There is no objection to them for the normal stomach, and there is no evidence that they can cause damage to the normal stomach lining. Tea, coffee, manufactured drinks, and alcohol also form part of the diet. They have no nutritive value but add to the pleasure of a meal, in moderation. Tea and coffee both contain caffeine, which is a mild stimulant and also causes the kidneys to excrete more water. They may cause sleeplessness, but not all people are affected. Alcohol, if not consumed excessively by adults, cannot be strongly objected to on medical grounds.
E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A
a) society, usually as considered in terms of culture and progress b) things; items
c) eat; use up d) nourishing e) collective name for pepper, cinnamon, ginger,
etc. f) flavours added after cooking, for example salt, mustard, etc. g) collective name for parsley, mint, dill, etc. h) inside layer i) produced in factories j)
not using or doing too much (phrase)
k) light drug which increases bodily or mental activity (two words) I) discharge from the system m) too much n) for any medical reasons (phrase)
32 • ELS
COLUMN B
E X E R C I S E 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. The feature which such items as spices, condiments, herbs, vinegar, and pickles have in common is that A)
they are all manufactured rather than natural
B)
they can all do harm to the stomach lining
C)
each can be classified as a mild stimulant
D)
they are not nutritious but give flavouring to food
E)
they are not favoured on medical grounds
2. From a medical point of view, A)
there is a close link between the person's age and the amount of alcohol he drinks
B)
eating foods that have no nutritive value does nothing but tire out the stomach
C)
alcohol isn't considered very harmful when drunk in moderate amounts by adults
D)
it is important from a psychological point of view to eat meals that are palatable as well as
E)
tea and coffee are the most significant factors in kidney failure
nutritious
3. The writer states that A)
the effect of coffee and tea on sleep can vary from person to person
B)
manufactured drinks are more harmful than tea and coffee
C)
tea, coffee and manufactured drinks are usually consumed more when the person is dieting
D)
kidneys are the organs which are affected most when tea and coffee are drunk excessively
E)
people should try as much as possible to avoid eating foods lacking nutrient value
E X E R C I S E 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1. 1.
Ancient
often worshipped things which were related to nature, such as
the sun, the wind, hurricanes, etc. 2.
Many doctors say that wine drunk
may actually be beneficial to health,
although too much is clearly undesirable. 3.
Because of the number of souvenirs he'd bought, his suitcase was heavy and he had to pay an extra charge at the airport check-in.
4.
Junk food, such as hamburgers, hot dogs and chips, is a very poor source.
5.
The building was totally
by fire.
ELS
33
THE INVADERS In the early days of the settlement of Australia, enterprising settlers unwisely introduced the European rabbit. This rabbit had no natural enemies in the Antipodes*, so it multiplied incredibly quickly. It overran a whole continent, and caused devastation to herbage which might have maintained millions of sheep and cattle. Scientists discovered that this particular variety of rabbit was susceptible to a fatal virus disease. Trying to create local epidemics of this disease, they found out that there was a type of mosquito which acted as the carrier of this disease and passed it on to the rabbits. So while the rest of the world was trying to get rid of mosquitoes, Australia was encouraging this one. It effectively spread the disease all over the continent and drastically diminished the rabbit population. * Antipodes, "dünyanın öbür ucu" anlamına gelir. Ancak parçada "Avustralya" anlamında kullanılmıştır.
E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A a) having courage and initiative b) foolishly c) grow in number d) unbelievably; amazingly e) spread over quickly f) destruction g) grass; pasture h) kind; sort; type i)
sensitive or prone
j)
causing death
k) disease that affects only a particular area (two words) I)
very severely; very greatly
m) reduce
34 • ELS
COLUMN B
E X E R C I S E 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage 1. The rabbits A) were finally exterminated, but only after a long struggle B), had been in Australia for a long time, growing in number with each year, when the first settlers arrived there C) were to be killed, for they were carrying a fatal virus which was also dangerous for human beings D) increased in number rapidly in Australia, because nothing interfered with their breeding there E) soon showed an incredible resistance to the fatal virus passed on to them via the mosquitoes
2. The Australians A) B) C) D) E)
had come there from various countries around the world wanted to get rid of the rabbits because they were destroying pasture that could be used for sheep and cattle were making their living merely by raising sheep and cattle on their farms hadn't expected to meet with such a big rabbit population on their new land weren't wise enough to get rid of the rabbits by their own efforts
3. We can conclude from the passage that A) B) C) D) E)
the rabbits were reduced in number through a fatal virus deliberately spread by a kind of mosquito it had become a matter of life and death for the people in Australia to get rid of the rabbits though it was hazardous for themselves as well, the settlers nonetheless encouraged the spread of the epidemic being a pioneer requires a man or woman to be prepared to face certain risky conditions Australians today owe their prosperous life to the efforts of their enterprising ancestors
E X E R C I S E 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1. 1.
Old people and very young children are often more
to infection than
other age groups. 2.
Since the Chernobyl nuclear reactor disaster, cases of childhood thyroid cancer in the
3.
A lot of small businesses were set up in Britain during the s by
4.
The flood caused great
5.
If we cut down on some of our luxuries, our financial problems can be considerably
area have
to 80 times the world average.
individuals, who were encouraged by the government. to the crops as well as to the houses.
WEANING Weaning is a very delicate process, important for the whole of a child's life. It is not a problem of nourishment, but of the spirit. This side of the problem is all but neglected. We must be careful to substitute some other kind of pleasure to take the place of the original pleasure of the mother's breast. The process of weaning can be carried out so that the child himself, with a little encouragement, will choose a new and wider form of pleasure, and so pass lightly through this, the most intense, emotional experience of life. If the change, when its time comes, is violently made, desire will not go forwards to new fields and to wider experience of mind, but backwards to some substitute pleasure of the same type as the one to be surrendered. Thumb-sucking, an obvious substitute, is the commonest. (From Talks to Parents and Teachers by Homer Lane)
E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a) accustoming a baby to food other than its mother's milk b) requiring great care, caution or attention c) connected series of actions d) food e) psychological and emotional part of a person f)
ignored
g) replace; take the place of h) support; urging i)
change without difficulty (phrase)
j)
very strong; highly felt
k) strong wish I) be given up
36 • ELS
,
E X E R C I S E 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. In the passage, it is emphasized that during the process of weaning A)
children generally become very delicate
B)
parents have difficulty knowing what to feed the child
C)
the child's capacities go backwards for a while rather than forwards
D)
the child's interest is centered most intensely in the mother
E)
the child must be provided with another pleasure so that the adjustment is made easier
2. The writer states that A)
it's usually the parent that surrenders to the child's desire for an unpleasant substitute
B)
when weaning is done forcefully, it's most commonly substituted for by thumb-sucking
C)
the parent should ask someone more experienced for help during the process of weaning
D)
the more emotional the child, the more intense his desire for breast-feeding
E)
the parent should be patient with the child even if he becomes rather irritable
3. The writer points out that though it is virtually always ignored, A)
the food the child is given during weaning should be delicious enough to satisfy his appetite
B)
the spiritual effect of weaning is lifelong
C)
breast-feeding should be lengthened as long as possible
D)
the substitute for weaning should be left to the child's choice
E)
the child shouldn't be forced to develop new capabilities during weaning
E X E R C I S E 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1. 1.
If you are on a diet, you can
saccharin for sugar, but it doesn't taste as
nice. 2
operations, such as eye surgery, require the surgeon to have a very steady hand.
3.
Having been
4.
Last summer, the heat in the south of the country was so
for many years, the house was in a very poor condition. that very few
of the tourists could bear it. 5.
Regular exercise not only maintains the body's fitness, but also looks after the
ELS
37
THE COMPUTER The computer is basically a device for ingesting, judging, and otherwise processing or usefully modifying knowledge. Thus it enlarges brainpower in the same way that other man-made machines enlarge muscle power. Like man, the computer expresses knowledge in terms of symbols; man's symbols are letters and numbers, and the machine's symbols are electromagnetic impulses that represent letters and numbers. Although man must usually instruct or program the machine minutely, its chief present advantage is that it can manipulate symbols a million times faster than a man with pencil and paper, and can make calculations in a few minutes that might take man alone a century. An expert has remarked that the difference between doing a calculation by hand and by computer is the difference between having one dollar and having a million. Sometimes the difference is infinite; only a computer can calculate swiftly enough to analyze the data from a satellite, or to enable man to control the flight of a missile.
E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a) fundamentally b) something invented for a special purpose c) take in d) change slightly e) make bigger f)
intellectual capability
g) bodily strength h) as indicated by; in units of (phrase) i) in detail j)
handle skilfully
k) process of finding a result through figures I) a hundred years m) say; comment n) without end o) very quickly
38 • ELS
,
E X E R C I S E 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage. 1. Whereas some capacities of the computer are comparable with man's A) B) C) D) E)
it still can't respond satisfactorily to the requirements of the modern world the computer uses electromagnetic impulses that stand for letters and numbers there are certain situations which only a computer can handle the computer helps man improve his brainpower rather than his muscle power man has been working on computers in order to increase their storage capacity
2. The writer states that A) B) C) D) E)
the way the computer expresses knowledge is similar to man's the capacities of the computer are currently limited to calculating and storing information man should have developed such a miraculous device a century ago the advantages of the computer are infinite scientists are working on a project to develop a computer that will analyze, on its own, the data from a satellite
3. One can conclude from the passage that the computer A) B) C) D) E)
will help to increase goodwill between nations is a great time-saver for man, in addition to its other benefits may eliminate the hostile feelings between nations by deterring them from starting wars may give rise to wars between nations by enabling them to control the flight of a missile from a distance is causing unemployment in those countries where it is widely used
E X E R C I S E 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1. 1.
A lot of people have
upon the change in the air quality since the new
anti-pollution laws have been implemented. 2.
Frozen food,
convenience, has a lot to offer, but its nutritive value is
open to doubt. 3.
His horse-riding accident caused him to dislocate his shoulder; however, the physiotherapist was able to
4.
"I wish someone would invent a
it back into place successfully. to do the ironing for me!" sighed the
tired housewife. 5.
Although it is man who invented the computer, no man can
the same
amount of information as it.
ELS • 39
r
WHEN SEIZED WITH CRAMP
Perhaps more swimmers have been drowned by cramp than by anything else, and only those who have suffered from it can conceive its fatal power. Even good swimmers, when seized with cramp, have been known to sink instantly, overcome with the sudden pain, and nothing can save the victim but the greatest presence of mind. The usual spot where the cramp is felt is the calf of the leg; and it sometimes comes with such violence that the muscles are gathered up into knots. There is only one method of proceeding under such circumstances: to turn on one's back at once, kick the leg out in the air, disregarding the pain, and rub the spot smartly with one hand, while the other is employed in paddling towards shore. These directions are easy enough to give, but quite difficult to obey; cramp seems to deprive the sufferer of all reason for the time, and it seems to overpower him with mingled pain and terror. Therefore, the method of saving a person drowning because of cramp demands great practice. The chief difficulty lies in the fact that a person who cannot swim feels, in deep water, much as if he were falling through air, and consequently clutches instinctively at the nearest object. If he succeeds in grasping the person who is trying to save him, both will probably sink together. Every precaution should be taken to prevent such a misfortune and the drowning man should always be seized from behind and pushed forwards.
E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A a) imagine; believe; understand b) move downwards below the surface of the water c) happening immediately; at once d) the ability to act quickly and sensibly in a difficult situation (phrase) e) place; position f) (of muscles) swelling out from the surface of the skin - bulging, tense and hard g) carry on; continue h) ignore i) move one's hand or hands backwards and forwards oyer something j) (of movements and action) sharply and quickly; with vigour k) move slowly through the water moving your hands up and down I) take away something from someone, leaving him in need of it m) the ability to think n) have such a strong effect on as to make helpless or ineffective o) mixed p) try to seize or grasp (phrase) q) naturally; without thinking
40
ELS
COLUMN B
E X E R C I S E 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. According to the passage, although the correct course of action for cramp is simple, A)
the pain caused by it takes a long time to disappear
B)
it is clear that few people remember to follow it
C)
it cannot be applied without the help of another person
D)
barely anyone has ever survived an attack in water
E)
it isn't easy to put into practice
2. According to the passage, the force of cramp is so great that A)
it is hopeless to try and save a victim
B)
only previous victims can imagine it
C)
rubbing the spot affected is useless
D)
most people affected never go swimming again
E)
it is impossible to move once affected
3. The author warns readers that A)
one should not attempt to help someone struck by cramp
B)
rescuers should approach a victim head-on
C)
suffering cramp while swimming is almost always fatal
D)
rescuers can be dragged down with the victim
E)
once struck with cramp while swimming, the person must stay still and wait for assistance
E X E R C I S E 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1. 1.
We have been
of sleep for the past two nights because our baby has
been unwell. 2.
It's not possible to
the thrill of skiing without trying it for yourself.
3.
Despite the pain from his broken ankle, the mountaineer had the
to
light a fire so that he could be spotted by the rescue helicopter. 4.
Sarah's joy at being offered a transfer to the Swiss branch of the bank was with sadness because she knew she would have to leave all her friends at the office.
5.
After the two brothers returned home from school on that snowy night, their mother their feet until the blood started to flow again and their frozen feet started to warm up.
ELS Q4X
A "SISSY" OR A "TOM-BOY" In most societies differences in play between boys and girls are not merely expected, but actively encouraged. In our own culture, only very young boys may be allowed to play with their sisters' dolls occasionally without ridicule or remonstrance. And even they are rarely given dolls of their own, although teddies and stuffed animals may be allowed. A seven-year-old boy who enjoys tucking teddies up in cots is likely to be ridiculed if he does it too often. Similarly, girls do enjoy playing with toy cars and train sets, but are rarely given these as presents. Older girls particularly are discouraged from playing boisterous games and may be labelled "torn-boys" if they do not conform to the quieter, gentler, less aggressive activities expected of them. Boys who abstain from rough games, or prefer reading or playing the piano are in danger of being labelled "sissy".
E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A a) knowingly; deliberately b) toy resembling a person c) from time to time d) making fun of e) scolding f) completely filled with something like cotton, etc g) bed for a baby h) especially i) rough and noisy j) give a name to, often unwanted k) girl who behaves like a boy I)
adapt oneself to (phrasal verb)
m) hold oneself back n) boy who behaves like a girl
42
ELS
COLUMN B
E X E R C I S E 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage. 1. It's stated in the passage that A)
babies are born with certain tendencies depending on their sexes
B)
the child's sex is taken into consideration when it is presented with a toy
C)
there must be certain games which both boys and girls can play together
D)
it's cruel to call a child a "torn-boy" or a "sissy" when it doesn't conform to the norms of society
E)
boisterous or aggressive games are considered suitable for neither gender
2. According to the writer, the tendency that dominates society is that A)
children should be allowed to play with whatever toy they like
B)
the discrimination against toys regarded as suitable for boys or girls only increases the child's interest in them
C)
the child should be discouraged from playing with toys special to the other sex, without the parents being too repressive
D)
the child should be directed from an early age to behave in accordance with its own sex
E)
such activities as reading and playing the piano should be common to both genders
3. We can conclude from the passage that A)
psychologists are attempting to eliminate sex discrimination in society
B)
girls aren't given toy cars and train sets as presents, but anyway, they instinctively haven't much interest in them
C)
the child's choice in games and toys is directed according to the norms of society rather than
D)
the child only grows interested in the toys belonging to the opposite sex when there is a
E)
if the child's attention weren't drawn to such discrimination through prohibitions, he would
to his interests member of that sex in his or her vicinity instinctively behave suitably for his own gender
E X E R C I S E 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1. 1.
He couldn't agree with any of the political parties at the recent election, so he chose to from voting.
2.
I
3.
Our parents would like us to how they are, but we don't always agree because we'd rather look and act differently from them.
4.
To overcome her fear of water, she
5.
You have to be be very dangerous.
like to indulge myself with a big bar of chocolate.
decided to take a boat trip. careful when using certain cleaning fluids, as they can
ELS
43
THE CHAIN OF HOPE The children who are cared for by the Chain of Hope come from countries which are stricken by poverty or torn by conflict. They are children who have been injured by a mine or an exploding shell, who have been born with deformities, who have caught diseases or who suffer from the after-effects of injuries. A very simple operation can often save them. But there is usually no prospect of such surgery in their own countries, owing to the lack of specialized expertise and technical resources. "Faced with this terrible fact," says Professor Alain Deloche, a heart surgeon, "a simple idea took root: to bring these children to France, to provide them with operations, and then send them home, cured, to their families." To achieve this, continues Professor Deloche, "one simply needs to bring into action a series of links in a chain of skills, asking people with all types of expertise to join in. This project has a powerful appeal. Everyone can participate and become a link in the chain." And so, well-known surgeons, the most highly skilled in their fields, operate free of charge in their hospitals throughout France. Similarly, ambulances provide the children with free transport, and the airlines Air France and UTA offer complimentary tickets. At the end of the chain, one finds a network of families who take the children in free of charge during their recovery. (From the United Nations' monthly magazine Refugees)
E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A a) suffering very badly from being poor (phrase) b) divided because of war (phrase) c) physical abnormality d) expectation; hope e) become established (phrase) f) healed g) succeed in h) only; merely i)
put into operation (phrase)
j)
connection
k) take part I) greatly m) without payment (phrase) n) given out of kindness; free o) connected system
44
ELS
COLUMN B
E X E R C I S E 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. "The Chain of Hope" is an organization A) B) C) D) E)
formed as a result of the appeals of surgeons from under-developed countries which operates throughout the world with surgeons well-known in their fields which deals with the health problems of poor children in France in which every member of society can take part which is trying to improve the quality of health services in poverty-stricken countries
2. The children A) B) C) D) E)
are cared for voluntarily by families after the operation until they are well enough to be sent back home are operated on by the Chain of Hope, because they come from poor families not able to afford such operations are adopted by French families after the operation if they have no family in their own countries to return to are chosen especially from countries where there is a war going on are brought to France by Air France or UTA on reduced fares
3. We can conclude from the passage that A) B) C) D) E)
the speaker Professor Alain Deloche complains about not receiving sufficient support from the community the aim of the organization in the long term is to spread its works to other developed countries as well the children operated on in France are those whose own countries lack the requirements for such operations one has to possess some kind of expertise to become a link in the chain the organization tries to build hospitals throughout France where the most skilled surgeons will perform their operations
E X E R C I S E 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
The film "The Elephant Man" was a true story based on a man who suffered most of his life because of his physical A lot more money needs to be spent before the rail can be considered truly efficient. The Bosphorus and Fatih Sultan Mehmet bridges are the road between the European and Asian sides of Istanbul. The entrance into mosques in Istanbul is for tourists; however, donations towards the upkeep are often given. Many highly educated people have nö of employment due to the current economic crisis.
ELS • 45
CHARLES CHAPLIN İn a penniless young music-hall artist left England for America. His future was uncertain, but he did not believe it could be unhappier than his past. He had grown up in the slums of London's East End and had experienced great poverty. His mother's life had been so hard that she had finally gone mad, and his father had died of drink. Both parents had been on the stage and lived in the hope that they would one day be stars. Their son was determined to succeed where they had failed. By his optimism and determination had been justified. Charles Chaplin was the most talked-about man in America, the king of silent movies. He was not only admired as a first-class actor and comedian, he was also making his name as a director. How did he reach the top of the film world in such a short time? He was not an instant success. His attempts to copy other slapstick comedians who were popular at that time were a failure. However he gradually began to develop the character of the tramp that will always be connected with his name. He borrowed ideas from many sources and though he "stole" most of his clothes from other slapstick comedians of the time, he developed his own special mannerisms to go with them. He used his bowler hat to signal secret messages and his walking stick allowed him to cause confusion and punish his enemy from a distance. He got the idea for his famous flat-footed walk from a London taxi driver who had sore feet.
E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A a) traditional British entertainment in theatres involving music, comedy, etc. b) area in a town or city with dirty, crowded houses and poor living conditions c) state of being poor d) become mentally ill (phrase) e) way of seeing the good things in life; confidence in success f) intention to do something without being stopped by anything g) proved to be right h) immediate i) type of boisterous physical comedy, often involving "accidents" j) person with no home or job and very little money and who travels about on foot from place to place k) particular way of behaving or speaking which has become a habit I) match; suit (phrasal verb) m) hat which is hard, rounded and usually black n) having feet which are not curved underneath o) painful 46
ELS
COLUMN B
•
E X E R C I S E 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. Charles Chaplin began to gain in popularity as a comedian A)
as soon as he arrived in America
B)
only when he created his own individual style, based on many borrowed ideas
C)
when he copied other comedians already famous at that time
D)
after he had directed a few silent movies
E)
only after he began to use a bowler hat and a walking stick
2. It is stated in the passage that A)
Chaplin showed great talent as a music-hall artist in his childhood
B)
Chaplin's parents were both stars on the stage
C)
Chaplin's parents hoped that their son would also become a star one day
D)
directing films contributed greatly to Chaplin's becoming famous as a comedian
E)
Chaplin was a director as well as being a very popular actor
3. We can infer from the passage that the accessories Chaplin used A)
originated from the appearance of a taxi driver in London
B)
had to be stolen from other comedians because of his lack of money
C)
were each given certain functions in his performances
D)
were borrowed from several places which helped actors at that time
E)
made him the king of silent movies of his time
E X E R C I S E 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1. 1.
A lot of people don't believe that ice-cream
2.
Without the
chips, but I really enjoy
them together. of our Nepalese guide, we would never have succeeded in
climbing Mt. Everest. 3.
I don't like
coffee as much as filtered coffee.
4.
I've been looking at the computer screen all day, and now my eyes are really
5.
Hurting another human being can never be
under any circumstances.
ELS • 47
TO CURE THE CRUELTY OF CHILDREN Psychologists believe that the combative and aggressive instinct is permanent in all human beings; but it is probable that, with a correct understanding of children, the instinct for aggression need not survive childhood. It's certain that to repress the aggressiveness of a child will make him later more aggressive and anti-social; he will later on revenge himself for his sufferings by criminality or by acts of cruelty. The desire to hurt living things generally appears in the child who has been given a strong hatred of authority. This problem of cruelty is very difficult to handle. It requires the parents to use good temper and good sense, trying to find out where the child's real interests lie and guiding its energy to these channels. Except in the worst cases, sympathetic treatment by parents and teachers will gradually suffice to cure, for it will give back self-confidence, self-love, and a belief in life, and it is the absence of these which is the cause of cruelty.
E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A a) eager to fight or argue b) natural behaviour, without thought or plan c) continue to exist or live d) control; stop feelings from showing e) behaving in a way that most other people don't like or think is right f)
hurt or punish someone when we believe wrong has been done to us (two words)
g) things that make someone feel pain or unhappiness h) wish; strong feeling of want i) the ability to behave well and make good decisions j) ways; directions k) understanding, especially of someone's feelings I) be enough to do something, or to meet a need
48 • ELS
COLUMN B
E X E R C I S E 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. According to psychologists A) B) C) D) E)
the instinct for aggression normally exists only during childhood if the child's aggressive instincts can't be eliminated, he'll revenge himself in his later life aggressiveness is an instinct which exists in all human beings the problem of cruelty is too difficult for parents to deal with on their own combative and aggressive instincts should be repressed in childhood so that the person won't turn out to be a cruel adult
2. Psychologists suggest that to cure cruelty, A) B) C) D) E)
first of all, the causes of it should be found out so that the best results can be obtained the child should be directed to spending his energy on what he is really interested in the child should be persuaded to give up his desire to hurt living things parents and teachers should work in cooperation with psychologists the child should be provided with an environment which will keep him in contact with society
3. It's pointed out in the passage that A) B) C) D) E)
aggressiveness is the result of parents using authoritative approaches against the child the aggressive instinct of a person can only be cured by psychologists parents are not aware of the dangers of repressing the aggressive instinct in the child if a child has a desire to hurt living things, parents should use more authority on him in serious cases of cruelty, parents' or teachers' understanding approach won't be a sufficient cure
EXERCISE 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1. 1.
I've always had a
2.
She was unable to
to stop working and travel the world. her anger when she gave the manager her list of
complaints. 3.
The teacher was very
when her student explained how his family
problems were affecting his studies. 4.
There is no need to take medicine if having a good rest will
5.
If you had any
, you wouldn't have tried to carry those heavy bags with
your bad back!
ELS
49
HEADSET STEREOS
Most headset stereos have one thing in common: they can cause hearing loss. Studies have shown that sound levels from the machines can reach decibels or more - roughly equivalent to standing feet from a commercial jet at the moment of take-off. At that level, permanent hearing damage can occur after just 15 minutes. And the earlier a child begins using a headset, the more damage can accumulate. Loud noise causes hearing loss by killing irreplaceable hair cells in the inner ear. Normally, the process occurs slowly as people age, but noise damage can accelerate it. Noise-induced hearing loss is insidious; damage may not be apparent until later in life. Since headsets are used privately, parents often don't realize how loud their children's music is.
E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A a) any musical equipment which can be listened to privately by wearing a device on the head which covers, or fits into the ears b) having the same characteristics (phrase) c) reduced, or even destroyed ability to hear d) nearly; approximately e) the same as or similar to (phrase) f)
used for business and making money
g) increase over a period of time h) cannot be replaced i)
make something happen faster or sooner
j)
caused by sound
k) doing harm gradually and without being noticed I)
50
clearly seen or understood
ELS
COLUMN B
E X E R C I S E 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. The effect of loud noise, as stated in the passage A)
is not always noticed before it has already damaged the ear
B)
is greater as people become older
C)
caused by commercial jets is irreparable
D)
is more damaging for the ear than anything else
E)
can be dangerous if the person is standing feet from the source of sound
2. The normal process of hearing loss A)
can start at any age, depending upon the condition of the person's ears
B)
can be sped up by the harm done by loud noise
C)
occurs if the person is frequently subjected to loud noise
D)
is noticed only when irreplaceable hair cells in the inner ear have been killed
E)
is caused when sound levels from machines reach decibels or more
3. Unable to hear the music their child is listening to through a headset, parents A)
are advised not to buy one for their child
B)
can't easily understand what kind of music he is interested in
C)
are advised to take the child to the doctor more frequently to have his ears checked
D)
don't have the opportunity to control the intensity of the sound
E)
don't know that the intensity of the sound from the music set is almost equal to that from a commercial jet
E X E R C I S E 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1. 1.
My sister and I don't have much
; we don't even like the same music,
2.
The amount of damage done by the fire was only
after it had been
extinguished. 3.
Petroleum is a/an
resource and is being used up very fast. People
should invest more in renewable energy before it is too late. 4.
There is a bus
5.
Carbon monoxide is a/an
every ten minutes, so you won't have to wait long. gas, so people do not notice when they are
being poisoned by it.
ELS • 5 1
THE REASONS FOR RAPID POPULATION GROWTH Statistics show that rapid population growth creates problems for developing countries. So why don't people have fewer children? Statistics from the developed countries suggest that it is only when people's living standards begin to rise that birth rates begin to fall. There are good reasons for this. Poor countries cannot afford social services and old age pensions, and people's incomes are so low they have nothing to spare for savings. As a result, people look to their children to provide them with security in their old age. Having a large family can be a form of insurance. And even while they are still quite young, children can do a lot of useful jobs on a small farm. So poor people in a developing country will need to see clear signs of much better conditions ahead before they can think of having smaller families. But their conditions cannot be improved unless there is a reduction in the rate at which population is increasing. This will depend on a very much wider acceptance of family planning and this, in turn, will mean basic changes in attitudes.
E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A
a) money paid periodically by the government to people who have retired (phrase) b) wages; salaries; money earned, usually, from work c) money kept, often in a bank, for use at a later time d) depend or rely on someone; expect or hope someone will help (phrase) e) the act of agreeing to do or use something f)
as a result; in proper order or sequence
g) fundamental h) way of thinking or feeling
52 • ELS
COLUMNB
::mmjfmmm 11» E X E R C I S E 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. According to the writer, people in poor countries have a lot of children mainly because
A)
they rely on them for support during their old age
B)
they aren't yet prepared for family planning due to their religious beliefs
C)
they usually become involved with farming, which makes it easier for them to be fed
D)
methods of family planning are not being satisfactorily practised in those countries
E)
they receive government support for every child
2. The writer points out that, before deciding upon family planning A)
governments of poor countries should increase the amount of old age pensions
B)
developed countries should help developing ones to improve their standards of living
C)
governments of developing countries must forbid parents to use child labour on farms
D)
people in poor countries want to be sure of their future
E)
people in poor countries must be educated by social services, being clearly shown the advantages of having fewer children
3. We can conclude from the writer's statements that birth rates in developed countries
A)
should be higher so that the population can meet the demand for manpower
B)
can't be reduced without strict family planning
C)
decreased as standards of living increased
D)
will go on increasing unless people change their attitudes radically
E)
are now keeping pace with economic growth
E X E R C I S E 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1. 1.
Many people believe that the British have a kinder
to their animals
than they do to their children! 2.
The elimination of pollution in the seas round Istanbul will
, lead to the
increase in the number and variety offish to be found. 3.
If I ever have a really serious problem, I know that I can always
my
friends for help. 4.
The
5.
My monthly
ingredients for any cake are flour, butter, eggs and sugar. is barely enough to pay for the essentials.
ELS • 53
LIFE AFTER DEATH Nearly all religions include the belief that human beings survive death in some form. For many people, such as the Balinese, a funeral symbolizes the passage from one life to another, rather than the end of a person's existence. In Bali, a cremation is therefore a time of joy and celebration. On the morning of the cremation, friends and relatives gather to pay their last respects and to eat and drink § with the family. There is then a procession to the cremation ground, some men carrying the corpse in a tower built of bamboo and paper, and other men carrying a special container called a sarcophagus, which may be in the shape of a cow or a bull. At the cremation ground the body is transferred to the sarcophagus and when it has been reduced to ashes and the soul released, there is a happy noisy procession to the sea, where the ashes are scattered. This last section of the ceremony represents cleansing and purification.
E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A a) ceremony held when somebody has died b) journey; transition c) ceremony during which a dead body is burnt d) great happiness e) occasion when people get together to enjoy themselves because something special has happened f)
come together in a group
g) show one's good opinion of someone who has died, e.g., by attending a funeral (phrase) h) line of people who are going somewhere together for a special reason i) dead body j) something which you can put things in, e.g., a box k) move to a different place I) the part of a person which is not physical and therefore it's commonly held that it does not die
when the body dies m) throw things so that they spread over a large area n) freeing from anything unpleasant or evil o) removal of sins in a religious ceremony
54 U ELS
COLUMN B
E X E R C I S E 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. It's clear from the passage that A)
in Bali, the closest relatives carry the corpse to the cremation ground
B)
Balinese people burn dead bodies and scatter the ashes into the sea
C)
Balinese people put the ashes of the dead person in a special container called a sarcophagus
D)
in Bali, the family of the dead person has to sacrifice a cow or a bull before the cremation
E)
in Bali, dead bodies are burnt in a tower built of bamboo and paper
2. For Balinese people, funerals are not sad occasions because A)
for them, death means the end of a sorrowful life on earth
B)
all the members of a family come together on the morning of the funeral
C)
they believe that the dead continue to live in another life
D)
they think funerals enable them to show their respect for the dead
E)
the existence of a person, according to their beliefs, should be celebrated
3. The writer states that, according to the beliefs of almost all religions A)
people continue to exist in some form after death
B)
cremation is essential for cleansing and purification
C)
funerals are celebrated with joy and happiness
D)
relatives gather on the morning of the funeral to pay their last respects to the dead person
E)
the container in which the corpse is placed is made in the shape of a cow or a bull
E X E R C I S E 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1. 1.
If you can't find a
big enough to hold all of this stuff, we'll have to use
2.
The footballer was unhappy at his club, so the manager decided to
two smaller ones. him to another club. 3.
Everybody
around the ambulance to see what was happening.
4.
I have an enormous family, but I don't know most of my relatives as they are all over the world.
5.
The carnival was a noisy, colourful
of adults and children, all wearing
costumes and dancing and singing.
ELS • 55
NOTTING HILL CARNIVAL Notting Hill Carnival is held in London each August bank holiday, and is the largest and most colourful street event in Britain. The festival celebrates the traditions of the British black community, who emigrated to Great Britain from the West Indies in the s. They brought with them the Caribbean idea of the carnival, with processions, colourful costumes, steel bands and street dancing. Preparations for the carnival begin many months beforehand. Costumes have to be made, and floats built, ready for the street procession. Steel bands practise traditional Caribbean music on instruments made from old oil drums. Shortly before the festival, the streets are decorated with red, green and yellow streamers, and amplifiers are set in place, to carry the rhythmic sounds over the roar of the London traffic. The carnival lasts for three days, and is full of music and colour. Processions of floats, steel and brass bands, and dancers in exotic costumes make their way through the narrow London streets, watched by thousands of people. The streets are lined with stalls selling tropical fruits, such as fresh pineapple, watermelons and mangoes. Everybody dances - black and white, young and old - and even the policemen on duty take part in the fun. For these three days in August, a little Caribbean magic touches the streets of London.
E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A a) public holiday during which the banks are closed by law b) customs and beliefs continued from past generations c) move from one's own country to live in another d) group of musicians who play music on metal drums-often West Indian e) in advance f) type of vehicle which is highly decorated, and often carries people, especially for a carnival procession g) round, metal container for oil h) long ribbon of paper i) electrical equipment for making sound louder j) loud, deep sound k) group of musicians who play instruments such as trumpets and trombones I) colourful and unusual, often having to do with distant countries m) go; travel (phrase) n) small shop - often just on a table - which is outside
56 • ELS
COLUMN B
E X E R C I S E 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage. 1. Although Notting Hill Carnival is a celebration of the traditions of black people in Britain A)
people from all over the world come to watch it
B)
everybody seems to participate in it
C)
Caribbean people also take part in it
D)
it touches on native British traditions as well
E)
it is gaining in popularity among the white in recent years
2. During the Carnival, A)
the police find it difficult to keep the participants under control
B)
preparations begin early in the morning
C)
the participants in the carnival decorate the streets with colourful streamers
D)
traffic is banned from certain streets
E)
music and colour fill the streets of London
3. The writer states that A)
thousands of people take part in the preparations for the carnival
B)
this carnival has been held since the s
C)
dancers in the carnival wear special clothes
D)
usually there are many injuries during the carnival because of the great crush of people
E)
the dancers in the carnival are from the black community
E X E R C I S E 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
They are planning to
to Australia because they think there will be more
opportunities there. 2.
When we went to the concert, we immediately
to the front of the crowd
so that we could see better. 3.
We bought the tickets
so as not to be disappointed on the day.
4.
When I have saved enough money, I intend to go on a long holiday to all the places I have always dreamt about.
5.
I hate market days because it is so difficult to walk round all the
in the
street.
ELS • 57
ALFRED NOBEL - A MAN OF CONTRASTS Alfred Nobel, the great Swedish inventor and industrialist, was a man of many contrasts. He was the son of a bankrupt, but became a millionaire; a scientist with a love of literature; an industrialist who managed to remain an idealist. He made a fortune but lived a simple life, and although cheerful in company he was often sad in private. A lover of mankind, he never had a wife or family to love him; a patriotic son of his native land, he died alone on foreign soil. He invented a new explosive, dynamite, to improve the peacetime industries of mining and road building, but saw it used as a weapon of war to kill and injure his fellow men. During his useful life he often felt he was useless: "Alfred Nobel," he once wrote of himself, "ought to have been put to death by a kind doctor as soon as, with a cry, he entered life." Worldfamous for his work, he was never personally well-known, for throughout his life he avoided publicity. "I do not see," he once said, "that I have deserved any fame and I have no taste for it." Since his death, however, his name has brought fame and glory to others. His famous will, in which he left money to provide prizes for outstanding work in Physics Chemistry, Physiology, Medicine, Literature and Peace, is a memorial to his interests and ideals. And so, the man who felt he should have died at birth is remembered and respected long after his death.
E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a) noticeable differences when compared b) enormous amount of money c) with other people present d) without anybody present e) loving and being faithful to one's own country f)
general name for substance which causes something, e.g. a bomb, to blow up
g) digging deep underground to get minerals such as coal and diamonds h) attention from the public i)
condition of being well-known
j)
have a liking or preference for (phrase)
k) admiration and honour for an achievement I) document written before death which says what should happen to one's possessions after death m) impressive; remarkable n) something by which it becomes possible to remember a past event or person
58 • ELS
:
E X E R C I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. From the descriptions in the passage, we can conclude that Alfred Nobel A)
led a steady and luxurious life
B)
never felt happy in his life
C)
believed that life wasn't worth living
D)
lived in affluence throughout his life
E)
had a life full of contradictions
2. Since Alfred Nobel's death A)
there have been many outstanding people in the fields which he had supported during his life
B)
work towards world peace has been sped up
C)
his inventions in different fields have been awarded with several prizes
D)
the people who do the best work in certain fields have been honoured through his will
E)
the contrasts in his life haven't been explained satisfactorily
3. Alfred Nobel considered himself useless
A)
because of the use of his invention, dynamite, in wars
B)
because he couldn't help his father to overcome bankruptcy
C)
although he did many good things throughout his life
D)
as he had strong patriotic feelings yet still never succeeded in doing anything worthwhile for his country
E)
as he had never become outstanding in the fields in which he was interested
E X E R C I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
The author's new book has received a lot of favourable
2.
His work this year has been
It was much better than anyone had
expected. 3.
The
between the two sisters are quite incredible. You wouldn't believe
that they were related. 4.
She always says that she doesn't approve of smoking, but I think she smokes because she often smells of cigarettes:
5.
I spent an absolute
at the shops yesterday, far more than I'd intended!
ELS • 59
ATTITUDES TOWARDS MONEY Generally, people are classified into three categories according to their attitudes towards money: misers, spenders, and economizers. Misers seem almost obsessed with the idea of saving, so they accumulate money in banks if their income is large, or in the house - stuffed in mattresses or under the living room rug - if they are lowincome people. They deprive themselves of many things and spend money just on the most essential things. Spenders are people who have a tendency to spend too much on too many unnecessary things. They are often too generous, making elaborate gifts to friends and family. Credit cards in some spenders' hands are often dangerous weapons. They become addicted to using them, only to regret it later when the bills come in and they are unable to pay. Economizers are practical people who spend wisely, usually making use of a budget. They can enjoy more and various material things and activities due to their careful utilization of funds. They spend in moderation and save in moderation for their future retirement or the education of their children. Of these three types of people, economizers are what most of us are having to be in our age. The acute problems of inflation, shortages, and low salaries are forcing us to become economizers. It is the only way to be if we are to survive in the future. Hopefully, the misers and big spenders will modify their extreme attitudes towards money in these circumstances and convert into economizers.
E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A a) be unable to, or find it difficult to, think of anything else b) collect over a period of time c) the part of a bed which is slept on d) stop oneself from having or enjoying something (phrase) e) luxurious; fancy f)
use (phrase)
g) use in a practical way [noun] h) sharp; severe i)
change slightly
60 • ELS
COLUMN B
E X E R C I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. According to the writer, some spenders use their credit cards
A)
to buy elaborate gifts for their friends
B)
mostly for their essentials
C)
for bills which they are unable to pay in cash
D)
so that they can be generous
E)
with results for which they are eventually sorry
2. The writer implies that the economizers
A)
spend more on the necessary things and less on entertainment
B)
have the best attitude to money
C)
give their children a better education
D)
are only interested in material things
E)
are much better than other people
3. The writer states that
A)
we are being forced to become economizers because of the economic situation
B)
misers and spenders cause inflation problems
C)
we won't be able to survive the shortages in the future
D)
at a certain point in life it is necessary to economize
E)
in other circumstances it would be acceptable to be a miser or a spender
E X E R C I S E 3:
1.
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
I can't sleep at night because my
is so uncomfortable. I'll have to get a
new one. 2.
She
absolutely
with that pop-group. She has all their records
and buys every magazine or newspaper that even mentions them. 3.
The shortage has been more
in rural areas due to transportation
problems. 4.
This computer program will have to be
5.
Have you been able to
a little to suit our requirements. that book I lent you? I've always found it very
handy.
ELS
61
SPIDERS If you look around the area where you live, you may notice many different kinds of monash.pw world has anywhere from 40, to , different species of spiders. In any ordinary field, two million spiders may be hard at monash.pw thrive in the hottest jungles and the coldest polar regions. They have been found even at the height of 22, feet (6, meters), on Mount Everest! The spider's incredible silk-spinning organs are on its abdomen. The silk thread begins as a liquid that hardens on contact with the air. A spider can make many different kinds of silk thread. Each kind has its own special purpose. By using certain tubes, or by combining the threads in different ways, a spider can make a very delicate thread or a thick, broad band of silk. Some sizes are used to line their nests or retreats. Others are used for egg cocoons, or for tying up victims, or for weaving webs. Spider silk is stronger than silkworm silk. If twisted into a monash.pw can lift more weight than a rope of the same size made of iron wire! In his book Sociobiology, E.O. Wilson quotes an old Ethiopian proverb, "When spider webs unite, they can halt a lion." Although lions have never been seen in spider webs, there does seem to be some truth in this. Scientists believe that cooperative prey-capturing in spiders has probably evolved because it improves efficiency. It also allows the spiders to go after larger prey. Cooperation and sharing improve the use of their webs and the food available to them.
E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A a) do well; live successfully b) part of the body; stomach c) become stiff or solid d) place in which to hide e) cross threads over and under each other in order to make something f)
net made by spiders from their silk in order to catch food
g) to wind together h) thin metal thread i)
say or write someone else's words
J) stop k) catching animals forfood I)
change over the years due to environmental conditions
62
ELS
COLUMN B
EXERCISE 2
:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. We understand from the passage that spiders
A)
can live in virtually any climate
B)
are increasing in number every year
C)
prefer hot jungles to cold places
D)
have more different species than any other animal
E)
are the hardest-working of all animals
2. The silk that spiders produce
A)
is stronger than iron
B)
has to be twisted before use
C)
can measure 6, metres in length
D)
has a variety of specific functions
E)
can be used in the same way as silkworm silk
3. It is stated that when spiders work together
A)
they are stronger than the strongest animals
B)
they can capture more and bigger prey
C)
any food they catch is then shared equally
D)
the webs they weave become much more complex
E)
they are less vulnerable to attack by lions
E X E R C I S E 3:
1.
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
Since we moved to the country, the children have
on the clean air and
fresh food. 2.
The traffic was
3.
The bandits were in their mountain
to allow the President's car to pass. and so the police were unable to
find them. 4.
After repairing the broken vase, you'll need to wait for 24 hours before using it again so that the glue can
5.
I believe that we're going to get a pay-rise, but don't
me on that-it's just
a rumour.
ELS
63
HOW TO TRAIN ELEPHANTS Two main techniques have been used for training elephants, which we may cal respectively the tough and the gentle. The former method simply consists of setting an elephant to work and beating him until he does what is expected of him. Apart from any moral considerations, this is a stupid method of training, for it produces a resentful animal who at a later stage may well turn into a man-killer. The gentle method requires more patience in the early stages, but produces a cheerful, goodtempered elephant who will give many years of loyal service. The first essential in elephant training is to assign to the animal a single trainer who will be entirely responsible for the job. Elephants like to have one master just as dogs do, and are capable of a considerable degree of personal affection. There are even stories of half-trained elephant calves who have refused to feed and pined to death when, by some unavoidable circumstance, they have been deprived of their own trainer. Such extreme cases must probably be taken with a grain of salt, but they do underline the general principle that the relationship between elephant and trainer is the key to successful training.
E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A a) teach certain tasks or skills b) separately and in the order mentioned c) hard; strict; firm d) feeling angry about someone's behaviour towards you e) at a time in the future (phrase) f) feeling of fondness or love g) baby cows, elephants, seals, and whales h) miss someone who has left or died so much that you eventually die (phrase) i) take something you want or need away; stop from having j)
don't take too seriously; don't believe something is completely true (phrase)
64 • ELS
COLUMN B
E X E R C I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. When comparing the tough and gentle elephant-training techniques, the writer considers the latter to be
A)
stupid and largely immoral
B)
the method which is more successful
C)
very time-consuming and lacking in rewards
D)
the one more likely to harm the elephant
E)
the more enjoyable
2. The most important point when training an elephant is
A)
not to change the trainer
B)
to give it a dog for company
C)
to show it lots of affection
D)
not to try to train calves
E)
to choose a good-tempered elephant
3. According to the writer, the tough training technique
A)
is much faster than the gentle
B)
requires a trainer of great physical strength
C)
creates cheerful, loyal elephants
D)
is not only foolish but also immoral
E)
is only effective for a short period
E X E R C I S E 3:
1.
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
I have a great
for the elderly couple next-door, who are always so kind
and friendly. 2.
The only way I'm going to manage to lose weight is by
myself
all the food I like most. 3.
The top two most popular overseas holiday destinations for British tourists are Spain and
4.
She felt so
Greece about the way she'd been treated at work that she refused
to speak to even her closest friends. 5.
If we buy the flight tickets today, we can book the hotel
ELS • 65
TEENAGE ENTREPRENEURS Surveys often reveal that more than half of all the teenage entrepreneurs that have recently emerged in the United States are firstborn children, and many are from immigrant families. Some are content with modest revenues, others are primarily after big money - but most are driven simply by the desire to shape their own destinies. Certainly, all possess qualities such as ingenuity, a good intellect, a healthy sense of self, inner drive, and a clear-cut purpose. "It's not luck; it's hard work," says one of them. "If you work hard, you'll be successful - that's what I always say. You can't rely on anybody but yourself." Perhaps the most engaging quality of the teenage entrepreneurs is their effervescent optimism. Reared in an era of unprecedented exposure to news of disaster, terrorism, famine, and the threat of nuclear mayhem, they nevertheless developed into positive-thinking achievers. Aware of the obstacles, they are far more interested in the opportunities.
E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A a) person who organizes and manages a business enterprise b) happy; satisfied c) income d) looking for; trying to get (phrase) e) wish; strong feeling of want f) future; fate g) cleverness; skill; ability to think of new ideas h) self-motivation (phrase) i) obvious; distinct; easy to understand j)
holding your attention; seeming attractive
k) lively; enthusiastic I) (of children) bring up; raise m) never done or known before n) chaos; state of no control
66
ELS
COLUMN B
E X E R C I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. According to the passage, teenage entrepreneurs were able to succeed
A)
despite growing up in a troubled age
B)
because they had emigrated to the United States
C)
because they work much harder than anyone else
D)
as they were the first children born into their families
E)
due to their desire to become very rich
2. The motivation most commonly found in teenage entrepreneurs is
A)
that, as immigrants, they are eager to succeed in the States
B)
the need to support their younger brothers and sisters
C)
that they want to determine their own futures
D)
the opportunity to become extremely wealthy
E)
the wish to be successful despite unfavourable conditions
3. While a moderate income can be pleasing for some entrepreneurs
A)
more of them are concerned with helping their families
B)
many are only interested in what they can achieve
C)
most get their satisfaction from the hard work
D)
others want to make a fortune
E)
very few are prepared to settle for little
E X E R C I S E 3:
1.
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
The plan seemed very
to begin with, but on further investigation it was
found to be quite complicated. 2.
The action the manager took was quite
3.
I would be
4.
He doesn't believe in
5.
She has a lot of
and took everyone by surprise.
with a small, pretty flat; I don't want anything too grand. He thinks you have to live according to a plan. and has managed to succeed despite many
difficulties.
ELS
67
CHINESE NEW YEAR The most important holiday in China is the Lunar New Year. Since it is based on the lunar calendar, it comes about a month later than the Western New Year. The Chinese New Year season traditionally lasts about a month; however, so that working life will not be interrupted for too long, the period has now been reduced to a week or less. There are some parallels with the Western New Year: houses are cleaned thoroughly, for instance, and families all get together for the festivities. All debts must be paid off so that the new year can start with a fresh beginning. Feasts are enjoyed with family and friends, and there are lively dragon and lion dances in the streets. Everywhere there is the sound of firecracker explosions. Children receive gifts of little red envelopes with money inside them. Many superstitions are related to the celebration of the Chinese New Year. No sweeping should be done in case the family's good fortune is swept out of the door with the trash. One should be especially careful not to break any dishes, for such an accident is believed to bring about serious problems between members of the family throughout the coming year.
E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A
a) concerning the moon b) system of dividing time into years, months, and days c) large, special meal d) large imaginary animal in legends (usually a winged reptile) e) small explosive device which makes a noise and is used for entertainment purposes f)
belief in cause and effects with no scientific links
g) cleaning the floor with a brush or broom h) rubbish
68 • ELS
COLUMN B
E X E R C I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. The aim in shortening the Chinese New Year season was
A)
to bring it closer to the Western New Year traditions
B)
to lower the cost of celebration
C)
to reduce the number of feasts held
D)
to prevent the streets from becoming too congested with dragon and lion dances
E)
to minimize disruption of work
2. The Chinese and Western New Years
A)
share certain similarities
B)
are both celebrated in January
C)
have absolutely nothing in common
D)
both last for about a month
E)
are both based on the lunar calendar
3. At Chinese New Year
A)
children are the most important people
B)
debts are traditionally cancelled
C)
the Chinese observe a lot of superstitions
D)
nobody eats from dishes
E)
disagreements in the family are settled
E X E R C I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
If you do the
2.
According to English
I'll clean the windows. if a black cat crosses your path, you'll have good
luck, while in the United States, the same event signals bad luck. 3.
It takes the moon twenty-nine-and-a-half days to go round the earth, so this is known as a month.
4.
There is so much
5.
Although different religions and peoples around the world have their own methods for counting years, the
on the beach that it is too dirty to sit on.
used internationally is the one introduced by Pope
Gregory XIII in the 16th century.
ELS
69
LEVI STRAUSS In , during the Gold Rush, a twenty-year-old immigrant from Bavaria named Levi Strauss stepped off the boat in San Francisco. He had with him a special cloth called Serge de Nimes, which would later be called denim in America. Levi Strauss hoped to sell the denim as material to make tents and covers for wagons, to the men who were going to the goldfields to look for gold. "You should have brought pants to sell. In the goldfields we need strong pants that don't wear out," one young miner advised Strauss. So Levi Strauss took some of his denim to the nearest tailor and had him make the miner a pair of pants. The miner was so pleased with his pants that he told other miners about the wonderful new Levi's pants or Levis, and soon Levi Strauss had to open a shop to manufacture enough trousers for the miners. The miners wanted trousers that were comfortable to ride in, that were low-cut so they could bend over easily to pick up the gold from under their feet, and which had big useful pockets. One miner complained that the gold in his pockets kept tearing them. So Levi put metal corners in the pockets to make them stronger. Very soon, miners and cowboys from all over came to get fitted up with Levi's pants. Today, more than a hundred years later, Levi's pants walk the world as Levi's blue jeans.
E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A a) person who comes to settle in another country b) leave a vehicle, e.g. a plane, etc. (phrasal verb) c) become useless; exhausted (phrasal verb) d) person who digs out metals or minerals from underground e) make or process (a raw material) into a finished product (especially using a large-scale industrial operation) f)
(of trousers) made to fit around the hips rather than the waist
g) incline the body; lean over h) be equipped or supplied with (phrase)
70 • ELS
COLUMN B
E X E R C I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. It's clear that Levi Strauss's original purpose for taking denim to America was
A)
to provide jeans for the miners
B)
forgotten when he got off the boat
C)
to make himself equipment for going to the goldfields
D)
to sell to the tailors
E)
not for making trousers
2. The first pair of Levi Strauss "jeans"
A)
were admired by many other people
B)
didn't fit the needs of the miners
C)
were made as a response to a request
D)
were no different from today's models
E)
were made in Bavaria
3. Levi Strauss's trousers first became popular
A)
because they were so fashionable
B)
due to the customers talking about them
C)
as a result of their being affordable
D)
after they had been sold for a century
E)
when they had gold put into the corners
E X E R C I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
The
was trapped underground for several hours after the explosion.
2.
That man is too fat to be wearing
trousers. They really don't suit him
all. 3.
There is a lot of bureaucracy involved in trying to get a job if you are a/an
4.
The new soldiers are going to the stores to
5.
I've only had these shoes for a month and they've already
their uniforms and guns.
ELS • 71
ASTROLOGY All around the world, it seems to be true that people prefer mysterious explanations to simple explanations. If someone is killed in a car crash, for example, many people say it was caused by fate, rather than by poor driving or bad road conditions. In many countries, a profitable business has developed around the subject of astrology. Astrologers want us to believe that our characters are formed as soon as we are born, according to the particular zodiac sign we are born under. Many people prefer to believe this than to read the scientific explanations of the development of human character and personality put forward by psychologists and doctors. Hence, in many popular magazines and women's journals, we find a column such as "You and Your Stars". And in some countries, you can even ask an astrology "expert" questions about your future.
E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A a) appearing to have no cause or explanation; impossible to understand b) the future as decided by a power which cannot be controlled c) not adequate in quality; bad d) bringing in more money than is being spent e) each of the twelve symbols named after groups of stars which are believed to influence our lives (two words) f)
propose for consideration; state (phrasal verb)
g) for this reason h) a feature article that appears regularly in a publication, such as a newspaper
72
ELS
COLUMN B
E X E R C I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. According to the passage, people worldwide
A)
have to drive on poor road conditions
B)
tend to be more receptive to mysterious explanations
C)
consult astrologers before making any plans
D)
have similar characteristics according to their sign of the zodiac
E)
cannot control their lives because they are already set by outside influences
2. The subject of astrology
A)
can only be understood by experts
B)
holds explanations we cannot find in our normal lives
C)
is based on the work of scientists and psychologists
D)
is used by many doctors when looking for diagnoses
E)
brings in a lot of money for people in several countries
3. According to astrologers
A)
psychologists have no validity when explaining the development of personality
B)
it doesn't matter whether you are a good or bad driver because you can't control fate
C)
women are more likely to follow their horoscopes than men
D)
the zodiac sign under which a person is born determines his or her character from birth
E)
a business can be extremely profitable if it is set up with their advice
E X E R C I S E 3:
1.
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
The company, with an annual turnover of several million dollars, is one of the most in the country.
2.
Police are still trying to explain the
disappearance of the paintings.
3.
She says she can guess anybody's
just by talking to them for five
minutes, and she was right about mine. 4.
The company's business has expanded greatly;
, they are going to be
hiring several new staff members. 5.
He believes it was
that we met again in such an unlikely place, but I
think it was just coincidence.
ELS
73
THE IMPORTANCE OF DREAMS
In , an American psychiatrist named William Dement published experiments dealing with the recording of eye-movements during sleep. He showed that the average individual's sleep cycle is punctuated with peculiar bursts of eyemovement, some drifting and slow, others jerky and rapid. People woken during these periods of eye-movement generally reported that they had been dreaming. When woken at other times they reported no dreams. If one group of people were disturbed from their eye-movement sleep for several nights on end, and another group were disturbed for an equal period of time but when they were not exhibiting eye-movements, the first group began to show some personality disorders, while the others seemed more or less unaffected. The implications of all this were that it was not the disturbance of sleep that mattered but the disturbance of dreaming.
E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A
a) interrupt at intervals b) strange; unusual c) short and sudden period d) moving slowly with no purpose or direction e) moving abruptly and unevenly f) show; display g) something that is suggested or hinted at by something else
74 • ELS
COLUMN B
E X E R C I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. During the research, those woken while dreaming
A)
were hardly affected at all
B)
were the ones who had had personality disorders
C)
reported that their dreams affected their personalities
D)
were not showing any eye-movement
E)
displayed signs of disturbance in their personalities
2. We can infer from the passage that during sleep,
A)
people dream all the time
B)
the type of eye-movement indicates the type of dream
C)
there is no eye-movement when the person isn't dreaming
D)
drifting and slow eye-movement coincides with a dream that can't later be reported
E)
one's eyes are constantly moving
3. The research implied that
A)
people with personality disorders dreamt more than others
B)
interrupting dreams was more significant than interrupting sleep
C)
dreamless sleep led to fewer personality disorders
D)
dreams lasted for equal periods of time in different people
E)
if sleep was disturbed, then dreams later became disturbed as well
E X E R C I S E 3:
1.
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
It wasn't until the
ship nearly grounded itself that the onlookers
realized that the crew was in trouble. 2.
She has some very
ideas which both confuse and amuse me.
3.
He has been
4.
The minister's speech was
by spontaneous rounds of applause.
5.
We could hear occasional
of gunfire from behind the enemy lines,
symptoms of stress ever since he took on that new job.
ELS • 75
EUROPE'S LAST UTOPIA Everybody knows that Santa Claus lives somewhere near the North Pole where a carpet of snow covers the mountains and the amazing Northern Lights shine brightly in the Arctic night. It has generally been assumed that he settled there because of all that snow for his reindeer and sleigh, but the real reason he put his roots down on the edge of the Arctic Circle in Finnish Lapland, Europe's last wilderness, must surely be that he simply loved the beauty and solitude of this last Utopia, Santa Claus Land. Sandwiched between Norwegian Lapland and the former USSR, Finnish Lapland lies almost entirely above the Arctic Circle in Northern Finland. The capital is the winter-sport center of Rovaniemi. It's a modern town in the middle of nowhere. Concorde used to land there and many daily Finnair flights arrive from all over Finland.
E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A
a) person who is believed, by children, to deliver presents at Christmas b) vehicle used for travelling on snow, often pulled by horses c) settle; establish oneself (in a place) (phrase) d) state of being without other people - usually calm and peaceful e) imaginary place which is perfect and where everyone is happy f)
put between two other things with little space left over; squashed
g) a long way from anywhere; isolated (phrase)
76 • ELS
COLUMN B
E X E R C I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. Finnish Lapland
A)
has a modern airport in the capital, Rovaniemi
B)
is smaller than Norwegian Lapland
C)
is the only remaining wilderness in Europe
D)
gets most of its revenue from winter sports
E)
is entirely covered with snowy mountains
2. Finnish Lapland is an area
A)
which was once part of the USSR
B)
completely within the Arctic Circle
C)
also known as Utopia
D)
with a large reindeer population
E)
close to the North Pole
3. The writer claims that
A)
Santa Claus settled in Finnish Lapland because of the peace and quiet
B)
it's because of its location that Finnish Lapland is so popular
C)
the greatest attraction in Finnish Lapland is the Northern Lights
D)
trying to find wilderness is like trying to find Utopia
E)
reindeers are the best animals for pulling sleighs
E X E R C I S E 3:
1.
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
After travelling extensively throughout the world, she finally
in a small
village near the sea. 2.
One of the most popular tourist attractions was the
rides round the
frozen lake. 3.
I know the house is beautiful, but it's
4.
When I got onto the crowded train, I found myself
There isn't even a local shop. between a woman
carrying a screaming baby and an extremely fat man who snored while he slept. 5.
Whenever the pressure of work got too much for him, he used to escape from the city and seek the
of the mountains.
ELS • 77
THE GORILLA'S CHEST-BEATING Why does a gorilla beat its chest? It depends on the gorilla - and on the situation. In some instances, the flamboyant and intimidating gesture may be just what it seems: a warning to keep away. When truly aroused, the leader of the gorilla troop rises and drums his chest rapidly, palms open and slightly cupped. Then he explodes into a charge which may or may not be a bluff. Scientists who have been charged at by gorillas report that the animals almost always stop short of violence - unless the human intruder responds in a hostile manner. Sometimes chest-beating is only an expression of relief after the danger has passed, a means of keeping in touch with other gorillas in the troop, or a way of warning other troops away from the feeding area. Some gorillas, especially the young ones, often beat their chests as expressions of high spirits. One thing the gorilla does not do is stage a victory celebration by drumming furiously on his chest after he has just cracked an opponent's spine. That sort of thing happens only in the movies.
E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A a) exaggeratedly confident and noticeable b) frightening in a way that forces or compels somebody to do something c) make a sound by beating or tapping continuously d) inside surface of the hand e) curved in shape, e.g. of the hand f)
move suddenly and energetically
g) deception; attempt to make somebody wrongly believe that you will do something h) person or thing that enters a place where he or it is not wanted i)
cheerfulness (phrase)
j)
backbone
78 • ELS
COLUMN B
E X E R C I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. One function of a gorilla's chest-beating is
A)
to frighten younger gorillas with overly high spirits
B)
the celebration of a recent victory
C)
to call the other troop members to the feeding area
D)
to establish which gorilla is the leader of a troop
E)
communication with the other members of the troop
2. According to the passage
A)
scientists have found shorter gorillas to be more violent
B)
only the leader of the troop of gorillas beats his chest
C)
gorillas beat their chests for various reasons
D)
a gorilla's charge never needs to be taken seriously
E)
gorillas are easily trained to appear in films
3. After a fight with his opponent, the gorilla
A)
does not act triumphantly
B)
beats his chest as an expression of relief
C)
breaks the opponent's backbone
D)
drums his chest furiously
E)
behaves exactly as portrayed in films
E X E R C I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
The students were all in
2.
His manner with the staff is so
as it was the last day of the semester. that most of them are too scared to
speak to him. 3.
His hands were
around his mouth as he called to his friends on the
other side of the field. 4.
As a child she had many operations to straighten her
and, thus, enable
her to walk properly. 5.
We knew as soon as the burglar alarms went off that there was a/an
in
the building.
ELS • 79
L0VE
Ilk
For most of us, love is the most absorbing subject in existence. There is an enormous range of meanings in this one little word: motherly love and self-love, fatherly love and children's love fc their parents; there is brotherly love and there is the love of one's home and one's country; there is love of money and there is love of power. Love clearly includes all of these, but the love in which one can be oneself is the pre-eminent love for most of us. Love at its fullest can include an enormous range of emotions and sentiments. It can combine humility with pride, passion with peace, selfassertion with self-surrender; it can reconcile violence of feeling with tenderness. "Being in love" is love at its most intense, and is personally focused in a very special way. Our common speech reflects this fact, as we talk of "falling in love" as if it were something into which we are precipitated against our will, like falling into a pond.
E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A a) very interesting, taking up a lot of one's time b) the best of all; having better qualities than the others in the same group c) attitude based on one's thoughts and feelings d) modesty e) satisfaction with something one has achieved; self-respect f) self-confidence; ability to speak on one's own behalf g) find an agreement between things that are opposed h) gentleness i)
cause to happen suddenly and unexpectedly
j)
small area of water, often man-made
80 • ELS
COLUMN B
1
E X E R C I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. Love, according to the passage,
A)
makes us experience all emotions more intensely
B)
enables the balancing of extreme feelings
C)
happens against our will
D)
is only real when we are "in love"
E)
is sometimes really difficult to achieve
2. It is stated in the passage that
A)
we frequently mention love in our speech
B)
there are various kinds of love
C)
nobody wants to "fall in love"
D)
it requires effort to maintain any kind of love
E)
everyone is more interested in love than in anything else
3. The writer states that, generally, the most important kind of love
A)
absorbs us more than anything in existence
B)
occurs when we feel that we are "in love"
C)
is "fallen into" and happens against our will
D)
is the one which allows us to behave as we are
E)
can only be possessed by emotional people
E X E R C I S E 3:
1.
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
Today's lecture will be given by the man who is
in this particular field of
science. 2.
Attempts are being made to
;
the management and the workers and
bring an end to the strike. 3.
That book was so
4.
The things he just said reflect my
5
that I could hardly put it down for a minute. on the matter entirely.
is all very well, but you won't get the job if you don't talk about your achievements.
ELS • 8 1
THE MIND'S EYE Which weighs more, a pound of feathers or a pound of lead? Everyone knows the answer: they both weigh the same. An interesting point, however, is what sort of image popped into your head when you read those words. One person who answered this question saw, distinctly, a pair of scales with a cube of lead on one scale balancing a big mound of feathers on the other. A second person got no mental image, but simply conceived of the problem in terms of words. People differ greatly in their power to "make pictures in their heads." Years ago the British scientist Sir Francis Galton asked a group of colleagues to try to visualize the breakfast table as they had sat down to eat that morning. Some of them saw the table in sharp detail and in colour. Others saw it only in black and white. Still others saw a blurred outline, as if through a badly adjusted magic lantern. Many could get no visual image at all. Scientists believe that most people are born with the ability to summon up in the mind's eye precise visual images of past experiences, but that many of us lose this power as we grow up, simply because we fail to exercise it.
E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A a) one of the light things which cover a bird's skin and gives the bird its colour b) soft, heavy metal c) go or come quickly (in or out) d) instrument for weighing with two pans that have to be balanced (phrase) e) solid which has six equally-sized square sides f)
pile; heap
g) imagine; form an idea in the mind h) clear; distinct i) unclear; indistinct; confused in appearance j)
old-fashioned device for projecting pictures onto a screen
k) gather together; bring into existence (phrase) I) in imagination; in memory (phrase)
82 • ELS
COLUMN B
E X E R C I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. We can infer that Sir Francis Galton's aim was
A)
to measure people's ability to picture past experiences
B)
to discover what his colleagues had eaten for breakfast
C)
to find out how much attention his colleagues paid to their domestic surroundings
D)
to assess the incidence of colour-blindness
E)
to provide practice in making pictures in one's head
2. The writer states that
A)
most people cannot visually recall events as recent as that morning
B)
some people are completely unable to guess at the weight of something
C)
past experiences become less important to us as we grow up
D)
there is no difference between feathers and lead
E)
not all people have the same ability to visualize things
3. People's ability to recall past experiences visually
A)
depends on how far in the past they were
B)
often diminishes with the passing years
C)
eventually decreases despite exercise
D)
enables us to keep precise pictures of them
E)
varies according to the words used to describe them
E X E R C I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
Before you leave, just
in and say goodbye.
2.
I was so tired that I had to
all my strength just to climb the stairs to
bed. 3.
The camera lens must have had a fingerprint on it, because all our photos are
4.
I hope the pillows aren't filled with
5
as I'm allergic to them.
people see their holiday destinations as far more beautiful than they actually are.
ELS o 83
THE WILL TO LIVE A very old lady who had devoted her life to pioneer work in education once told about a dangerous illness she had suffered in her middle years. She lay hovering between life and death, in the twilight of half-surrender, when she overheard two of her co-workers talking just outside her hospital room. "If we could only reach her!" one of them said passionately. "If we could only make her understand how much we need her!" The words did reach her, and with the forces of life and death hanging in the balance, they resurrected her will to live. In that moment of discouragement and wavering faith, the intensity of her colleague's plea reassured her and gave her courage to take up the struggle again. If we truly wish to live, if we have something to live for, then the will to live becomes a powerful force in combatting illness. Within each of us there are two strong instinctual drives, the will to live and the desire to destroy ourselves. The powerful instinct to remain alive is bolstered by our desire to create, to discover and to accomplish. Doctors make obeisance to it when, in a crisis of illness, they say, "We have done all we can - now it is up to the patient."
E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A a) give time, effort or energy for a particular purpose b) first in a new branch of study or particular activity c) be in an uncertain or unsettled situation d) final stages; state between two other states, with little awareness e) make contact with f)
be between two possibilities {phrase)
g) cause to exist again or be used again h) determination; strong desire i)
not firm or confident
j)
intense, emotional request
k) calm; remove worries I) fight to stop something happening m) natural; not based on thought or teaching n) encourage; support o) respect
84 • ELS
COLUMN B
E X E R C I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. We can infer that when the patient heard her colleagues talking
A)
it was during the early evening
B)
she had virtually given up trying to stay alive
C)
she realized that she had a fatal illness
D)
they were not allowed to go into her hospital room
E)
she had difficulty understanding them
2. The old lady
A)
lost her faith after her illness
B)
was the most important member of the work team
C)
was unable to receive visitors when she was ill
D)
had been left to die by her doctors
E)
worked in new fields of study in education
3. The writer concludes that in fighting illness, it is important to
A)
have friends and colleagues around you
B)
be able to rely on your doctor
C)
have a purpose in life
D)
hear others speaking
E)
have a lot of courage
E X E R C I S E 3:
1.
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
When a person tries to commit suicide, it is often more of a
for help
than an actual attempt to take one's own life. 2.
We have been trying to
them on the phone for the last hour, but there's
been no answer. 3.
No matter how much you
her, she still thinks everything will go wrong.
4.
There's no point in trying to
that old plan. It didn't work before, and it
won't work now. 5.
She
herself to various charities, for which she raises money tirelessly.
ELS • 85
DEBATE OVER THE WORLD'S FUTURE
How many people can the earth hold? Will birth and death rates continue to 1 decline? Can food production keep pace with population growth? Can technology I supplement or replace today's resources? What are the long-term effects of pollution 1 on health, climate, and farm production? Debate over such issues has spawned I many volumes, as scholars look to the future with varying degrees of optimism and 1 gloom. In a lecture titled "The Terror of Change", Patricia Gulas Strauch cited three I aspects of our future about which there is little disagreement: the speed of change I will accelerate; the world will be increasingly complex; and nations and world issues I will be increasingly interdependent. Today's problems - which face Third World 1 megacities in particular - cannot be ignored by developed countries. We cannot look I to the past for solutions as there is no precedent for such growth. We are in 1 uncharted, challenging waters.
E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A a) become smaller; decrease b) add something to c) take something's place, instead of it d) discussion involving different opinions e) important subject or question causing discussion f)
cause to happen or be created; produce in great numbers
g) publication, e.g. a book, published articles, etc h) person with great knowledge, usually of a particular subject i)
belief or feeling that the future will be good
j)
feeling of unhappiness or being without hope
k) way of thinking about something; part of something's nature I) get faster; speed up or cause to speed up m) relying on each other n) similar happening or occurrence that existed previously o) unfamiliar situations (idiom) p) requiring effort and determination in order to succeed
86 • ELS
COLUMN B
E X E R C I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. The points put forward in the lecture "The Terror of Change"
A)
have changed scholars from a sense of optimism to one of gloom
B)
are, for the most part, accepted
C)
had not been considered by scholars previously
D)
caused much debate and disagreement
E)
filled several volumes
2. According to the writer, having no equivalents in the past
A)
analyses formulated by experts are open to discussion
B)
books on the world's problems cause a great deal of debate
C)
Third World megacities are not sufficiently aided
D)
modern technological developments do not meet the needs of the people
E)
today's problems require new solutions
3. The outlook for the world's future
A)
arouses optimism in some experts, yet pessimism in others
B)
is a repetition of events which occurred in the past
C)
depends entirely on technological advances made today
D)
is one of overpopulation, pollution, and reduced farm production
E)
shows that the population will soon exceed the earth's capacity
E X E R C I S E 3:
1.
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
If you
when you cycle down this hill, you should build up enough
speed to get up the next hill without too much effort. 2.
Although we've looked at this problem in almost every one of its
we
have yet to discuss the question of finance. 3.
His second
of poetry will come out towards the end of the month.
4.
There's no point in just giving them easy exercises all the time. They need something more if they are to make any progress.
5.
You could take vitamin tablets to
your diet, but increasing your intake
of fruit and vegetables would probably be better in the long run.
ELS • 87
THE IMPORTANCE OF LETTER-WRITING The letters we write can spell the difference between making and missing an important sale, between landing and losing a job, between a yes and a no from the girl or boy of our dreams. A neighbor of mine recently wrote to two contractors for bids on a concrete driveway. Here's the beginning of one reply: "Dear Mr
:I
am offering you a special price because I am having a slack season now. I have some debts to pay and this work will be a big help to me." The second began: "Dear Mr
: 1 can give you a good solid driveway with a six-inch bed of cinders and
three inches of concrete. Properly graded and drained, this should last you 20 years without cracking." The second man got the job. Why? Because he told my neighbor what he wanted to know, not how much good the job would do the contractor. He followed the first principle of good letter-writing, one I've hammered at in my classes for years: think of your reader's problems, not of your own.
E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A a) mean; have as a consequence; suggest that a particular result will occur b) successfully get; obtain c) person who does a particular job, especially building work d) statement of the price to be charged for doing a piece of work e) private short road, or piece of hard ground, leading from the public road to a house or garage f) period of inactivity in business, when there is very little work to be done (phrase) g) strong, without holes or spaces, and able to support weight h) small pieces of coal, wood, etc., after they have been burnt, but not to ash i) made as level as possible by reducing the slope (of land) j) made so that water can flow away; able to become dry (after rain, etc.) k) damage, leaving lines or splits on the surface I) repeat forcefully; say again and again to have an effect
88 • ELS
COLUMN B
E X E R C I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. A letter, according to the writer,
A)
is a better way of making contact than a phone call
B)
should be relevant to the reader's situation
C)
is the best way to ask a girl out
D)
must have correct spelling
E)
should always begin with "Dear"
2. From the statement the writer makes in the passage, we can conclude that
A)
the writer's neighbor is a builder
B)
most people are only interested in themselves
C)
the writer prefers writing to making direct contact
D)
the writer is a teacher
E)
it takes years to perfect the art of letter-writing
3. The main point of the passage is
A)
how a good letter can affect the result
B)
the best way to get driveway work done professionally
C)
that it's essential to compare costs when you want work done
D)
the importance of good spelling in a letter
E)
never to accept the first offer you receive
E X E R C I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
I
this cup while I was doing the washing-up, but I think it's still usable.
2.
We can't award the contract for building the new factory to anyone until all the have come in.
3.
In the centre of the room, there was a huge antique table made of
4.
She
oak.
the point into her children's heads that they were never, under any
circumstances, to go anywhere with a stranger. 5.
How did someone like him, with so little experience, manage to
such a
prestigious job?
ELS • 89
THE WIND'S WITH US A strong wind had started up, whistling and moaning through the thick leaves, and frightening Sue and Anne. CRASH! They heard a loud smashing noise as a tree came down in a large gust. They took refuge under the gateway of a building and were not sure what to do. Sue doubted whether they would have the strength to cycle all the way home. But they couldn't just go on waiting there much longer. "We'd better go then. If we can't ride our bikes we'll just have to push them. Or perhaps we'll be able to get a lift on a truck." Sue went out, her short hair blowing in the wind. It was impossible to speak, so she just beckoned to Anne to start out. As they pushed their bicycles unsteadily onto the road, Sue suddenly shouted, "Hey! The wind's with us!" Anne got onto her bicycle. There was no need to pedal - all she had to do was hold onto the handlebars. She felt an almost unreal sense of exhilaration, as if she were floating through the air. "The wind's with us!" Sue shouted again, her voice filled with surprise and elation. "Even we have the wind with us sometimes, eh?"
E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A a) make a loud, high clear note or sound as something moves quickly through the air b) make a low sound, as if sad or in pain c) sudden, very strong rush of wind d) go to a place that is safe and provides shelter and protection (phrase) e) entrance through a fence, outdoor wall, etc., where there is a structure similar to a door f) find someone who will take you somewhere in their car, or other vehicle for free (phrase) g) signal to someone by a movement of the hand or arm h) shakily; without complete control i) part of a bicycle which you hold onto, used for steering j) strong feeling of excitement, happiness and of being alive k) be supported by air or water and move gently I) great happiness and delight
90 • ELS
COLUMN B
E X E R C I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. We understand that
A)
Sue and Anne were not far from home
B)
a building was damaged when the tree was blown down
C)
on this particular occasion, Sue and Anne were lucky
D)
the falling tree barely missed landing on Anne and Sue
E)
Sue and Anne were in a forest when the wind started
2. At first, the wind
A)
blew down the tree Sue and Anne were sheltering under
B)
made it impossible for Anne and Sue to hear each other
C)
prevented Sue and Anne from continuing their journey
D)
appeared to be with Sue and Anne
E)
caused Anne and Sue to fall off their bicycles
3. From Sue's first statement - "The wind's with us!" - it's clear that
A)
Sue was much braver than Anne
B)
the wind was blowing in the direction they were travelling
C)
the wind wasn't as strong as they'd originally thought
D)
she was trying to stop Anne from becoming too frightened
E)
the wind was starting to drop as they set out
E X E R C I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
I looked up and saw her frantically
to me from across the road.
2.
The injured dog was lying on the side of the road
3.
The little boy let go of his balloon and laughed happily as it
softly to itself. off above
the trees. 4.
When the rain started to pour down, we
in an old church and stayed
there until it stopped. 5.
A bullet
past his head, only narrowly missing him.
ELS • 9 1
WEEP FOR HEALTH Anger, fear, or the shock of sudden sorrow brings physical changes in our bodies. The digestion is shut down, the blood pressure is raised, the heart speeds up, and the skin becomes cold. If maintained over a prolonged period, this emergency status makes the body - and the personality - tight, dry and rigid. In people who are afraid to let themselves pour forth their painful emotions, doctors find that suppressed tears can trigger such ailments as asthma, migraine headache, and many others. Weeping, on the other hand, comes as part of the reversal of conditions of alarm, shock and anger. Tears do not, therefore, mark a breakdown or low point, but a transition to warmth, hope and health. So there is a genuine wisdom in tears. In permitting ourselves to weep instead of repressing the impulse, we help ourselves to health.
E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A a) the process of breaking up food in the body b) increase; become greater c) kept at a certain rate or level; continued d) continuing for a long time or for longer than expected e) not relaxed; tense f) without moisture; without emotion g) inflexible; unbending; not able or not willing to change h) allow yourself to show or express something; allow something to come out (phrase) i) prevented from being expressed; held back j)
cause to happen
k) illness, often painful and long-lasting though seemingly not serious I) crying m) turning round; changing to become opposite n) collapse; strong depression o) period or process of change from one condition to another p) real; true q) urge; feeling of having to do something
92 • ELS
COLUMN B
E X E R C I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. From the statement in the passage, we can infer that some people
A)
regard crying as a weakness or failure
B)
don't consult their doctors about certain ailments
C)
find that migraine headaches cause them to weep
D)
develop personality problems from ailments such as asthma
E)
go to the doctor for emotional reasons more than for physical
2. According to the writer, not crying
A)
is a common characteristic of asthmatics
B)
is a sign that a person is in poor health
C)
causes the digestion to shut down
D)
helps us to control our feelings of shock or anger
E)
can bring on many unpleasant side-effects
3. In the writer's opinion
A)
people should visit their doctors in times of emotional emergency
B)
we need to cry in order to recover from traumas
C)
weeping can cause alarm, shock, or even anger in others
D)
doctors don't do enough to help patients with emotional problems
E)
crying when we feel ill is as beneficial as visiting the doctor
E X E R C I S E 3:
1.
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
When a broken bone is treated, it needs to be supported by something while it's mending so that it cannot move out of position.
2.
The demonstration, which happened almost without warning, was
by
the government's announcement that taxes are going to be increased by thirty percent. 3.
I think you are wrong about her just pretending to be interested in our case. I think her concern is
4.
Ater twenty years as a teacher of indisciplined students he suffered a/an and was unable to work again.
5.
If I went shopping every time I felt the
to buy something new, I'd be
absolutely broke in no time at all! ELS • 93
THE BENEFITS OF TECHNOLOGY
j
Science and technology are getting a bad press these days. Increasingly scornful of the materialism of our culture, some people speak about returning to a simpler, pre-industrial, pre-scientific day. They fail to realize that the "good old days" were actually horribly bad old days of ignorance, disease, slavery, and death. They fancy themselves in Athens, talking to Socrates or watching the latest play by Sophocles but never as a slave brutalized in the Athenian silver mines. They imagine themselves as medieval knights on armoured chargers but never as starving peasants. They also ignore the fact that, before modern technology, the full flower of art and human intellect was reserved for the few. It was the technical advances that brought many of the marvels of mankind to even the poorest.
E X E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
a) be criticized in the media (phrase) b) feeling and showing that something deserves no respect; showing contempt c) lack of knowledge d) system of people being owned by other people and having to work for them e) like the idea of; imagine f) treated cruelly, violently, and inhumanely g) of the period in history from AD to about AD h) in the Middle Ages, a man - usually of noble birth - who had a high military rank and served the king in battle, and who is usually seen (in pictures, etc.) riding a horse and dressed in a protective metal suit i) covered with protective metal wear j) strong horse used by an army officer in battle, especially by high-ranking warriors during the Middle Ages k) suffering or dying from hunger I) person working on the land, often poor and considered to be of low status m) wonderful thing causing admiration and surprise
94 • ELS
COLUMN B
1 I
I
E X E R C I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. In the writer's opinion, some people
A)
think that the "good old days" were actually very bad
B)
do not have a realistic image of the past
C)
marvel at the technical advances that have been made
D)
are unable to cope with the speed of advances in science and technology
E)
regard the Athenians as a brutal race
2. Those who have nostalgic feelings for the past
A)
usually work for the newspapers
B)
are well-read in the works of Sophocles
C)
would like to have lived then to help slaves and peasants
D)
have not yet discovered the full flower of art and human intellect
E)
criticize today's materialism
3. According to the writer, modern technology
A)
makes life too complicated and materialistic
B)
means there are no longer any starving peasants
C)
has benefited the rich and the poor alike
D)
has pushed art and human intellect aside
E)
actually developed from people such as Socrates
E X E R C I S E 3:
1.
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
Far too many people throughout the world are
by the government
under which they live. 2.
If you continue to be so
of their efforts, they are likely to give up trying
altogether. 3.
I'm sure it's his
of how to behave in such situations that makes him
seem so awkward, not bad manners. 4.
The Grand Canyon is one of the
of North American scenery and
definitely shouldn't be missed on any trip to the USA. 5.
He has always
himself as a professional footballer, but he never even
played for the school team.
ELS • 95
NADIA COMANECI One of the most popular and exciting gymnasts to compete in the Olympic Games was the Romanian Nadia Comaneci. Fourteen-year-old Nadia burst on the Olympic scene when she competed in in Montreal against Olga Korbut, the great young Russian gymnast. Olga had won two gold medals in the Olympics, and she was going to try to repeat her victories in As Nadia watched, Olga approached the uneven parallel bars, leaped up, caught hold of one bar, and began her routine. She flipped, twisted, and turned. The crowd cheered, and the judges awarded Olga a score of It would take almost a perfect, score of to beat Olga. Nadia was next. She jumped and grabbed the lower bar. She performed an incredible series of whirls and spins. She made a dazzling dismount, and stood straight as an arrow. The crowd applauded Nadia wildly. The judges were astonished by Nadia's performance and gave her a perfect score of ! It was the first perfect gymnastic score in the history of the Olympic Games. Nadia won three gold medals and one silver in Montreal. Even with her perfect scores, however, she could not be called the greatest of all women gymnasts. That honour belongs to Larissa Latynina of the former Soviet Union, who, in three Olympics - , and - w o n nine gold, five silver, and three bronze medals.
E X E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A a) suddenly or forcefully enter an existing situation {phrase) b) occasion of complete success; winning situation c) jump from one position to another d) performance consisting of a short, rehearsed sequence of actions e) turn over or perform a somersault in the air f) turn part of your body while the rest remains still; turn into a difficult position g) take hold of suddenly h) movement quickly round and round i) very fast movement round and round a central point j)
brilliant; impressive because of skill, quality or beauty
k) action of getting off
96 • ELS
COLUMN B
E X E R C I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. Until the Games in Montreal
A)
Nadia and Olga had not competed against each other
B)
no gymnast had ever achieved a maximum score at the Olympics
C)
gymnastics did not attract large audiences
D)
Olga Korbut was the most successful woman gymnast of all time
E)
the Romanian gymnasts had never won any gold medals
2. Nadia's perfect score in Montreal
A)
was a repeat of Larissa Latynina's past performances
B)
did not stop Olga Korbut winning two gold medals
C)
has never been achieved since
D)
gave Romania its first ever gold medal
E)
didn't make her the best female gymnast of all time
3. From the statement in the passage, it's clear that
A)
the minimum age for an Olympic competitor is fourteen
B)
gymnastic standards were higher in , and than in
C)
Olga Korbut was hoping to win more gold medals in
D)
the Russians are rarely beaten by the Romanians at the Olympic Games
E)
Nadia was only better than Olga on the uneven parallel bars
E X E R C I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
He
into the air to catch the ball, but it was too high for him.
2.
Realizing she was late, she
3.
The streets were filled with excited fans, celebrating their team's
4.
As she was walking down the road in her new high-heeled shoes, she fell and
her purse and ran out of the door.
her ankle. 5.
Not a sound came from the audience as they watched the dancers' performance.
ELS • 97
THE TITANIC On 15 April , the Titanic - at that time the world's largest and most luxurious ocean liner - disappeared into the icy depths of the North Atlantic. Some 1, people died - more casualties than in any other marine disaster in peacetime history. After striking a huge iceberg, the 46,ton vessel sank in less than three hours. Lloyd's of London, the firm which had insured the Titanic, had reasoned that the probability of such an event was one in a million. At pm on the evening of the disaster, the lookout on the Titanic's bridge saw an ominous shape ahead. "Ice! Dead ahead!" he shouted. The helm was turned hard over and the engines were reversed, but it was too late. A foot gash was ripped along the side of the Titanic's hull as though it were made of tin. If the lookout had not sighted the iceberg and the helmsman not turned the wheel, the Titanic would probably have struck the iceberg head-on. It is then likely that only the bow sections of the ship would have been flooded and, though seriously crippled, she would have remained afloat.
E X E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A a) deep, cold sea water (phrase) b) people killed or seriously hurt in an accident c) related to or concerning the sea d) hit e) ship or boat, especially a large one f)
make a contract, in which a specialized company agrees to pay the costs if there is an accident, damage, loss, etc.
g) make a judgement based on careful thought h) being a sign of something bad or dangerous; threatening i) directly in front (phrase) j) a lever or wheel for steering a ship k) as far as a ship's wheel can go (phrase) I)
(be) made to move backwards
m) a deep cut n) the main body of a ship o) with the front parts (hitting each other) p) the front part of a ship q) (of something or someone) weakened or damaged so that it or they cannot move properly r) on top of the water; not sinking 98 • ELS
COLUMN B
E X E R C I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. All of the following statements are true except that
A)
more people died at sea in this incident than ever before
B)
the huge vessel did not even take as many as three hours to sink
C)
Lloyd's had thought the Titanic was extremely unlikely to sink
D)
the Titanic sank in the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean
E)
the Titanic was designed as an extremely comfortable ship
2. When the lookout noticed the iceberg
A)
the ship was travelling at the highest capacity
B)
he took some time to inform the helmsman of the danger
C)
the helmsman were trying to put the ship into reverse gear
D)
it was dangerously close to the side of the hull
E)
it was already too late to prevent the strike
3. The author implies that it would probably have been better if
A)
Lloyd's of London hadn't insured the Titanic
B)
the ship had been almost completely flooded
C)
the Titanic hadn't been so large and luxurious
D)
the iceberg hadn't been seen before the accident
E)
the ship had not taken more than three hours to sink
E X E R C I S E 3:
1.
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
The child fell on an old piece of metal which was hidden in the grass, and got a nasty in his knee.
2.
Although it's quite expensive, I always keep the contents of my flat against fire and theft.
3.
The young girl in the wheelchair over there was
in a motorbike
accident several years ago and hasn't been able to walk ever since. 4.
There was a/an
silence when Lynne asked her boss, who was having
a hard time in business, if her job was secure, and she realized she'd better start preparing her resume and looking for new employment. 5.
Jake took the kids to the aquarium to see the fish and other
creatures.
ELS
99
F
WHERE NEW PRODUCTS COME FROM
Akio Morita, the chairman of Sony Corporation in Japan, wanted a radio he could carry with him and listen to wherever he went. From that small desire was born the Sony Walkman, a radio small enough to be worn on a belt or carried in a pocket. Not all product development, however, is so easy. Most of today's products, including many of the basic necessities of food, clothing and shelter, are the result of creative research and thinking by staff. A new product is one that is new for the company that makes it. A hamburger, for example, is not new, but when McDonald's introduced the Big Mac, it was a new product for that company. Decisions to make a new product can be the result of technology and scientific discovery, but the discovery can be either accidental or sought for. The original punch-card dataprocessing machine was devised specifically for use by the Bureau of the Census. Penicillin, by contrast, was an accidental discovery and is now one of the most useful antibiotics. Products today are often the result of extensive market research to learn what consumers and retailers want.
E X E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A a) a strong wish b) the simplest and most important things that everybody needs (two words) c) a building that protects one from bad weather d) having the ability to produce new and original ideas or things e) the group of people who do the work of an organization f) the action of finding something for the first time g) happening by chance, not by plan or intention h) (be) looked for i) a card with holes in particular positions to represent data or information j)
relating to one area
k) covering a large area; large in amount I) the activity of collecting and analyzing information about what people need and want to buy {phrase) m) a person who buys goods or uses services n) a person who buys goods from the manufacturer and sells to the public
• ELS
COLUMN B
E X E R C I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. In the passage, the Sony Walkman is referred to as A)
the creation of a large marketing research team
B)
an example of uncomplicated product development
C)
superior to all similar devices produced afterwards
D)
something produced in response to in-depth market research
E)
a product invented by Akio Morita, the chairman of Sony
2. When the Big Mac was first introduced, it was A)
the first hamburger ever to be put on the market
B)
the result of technical and scientific development
C)
the result of an accidental discovery at McDonald's
D)
a known item but a fresh product for McDonald's
E)
the first product ever produced by McDonald's
3. A new product nowadays A)
must be something completely new to the consumer
B)
is always the result of creativity and invention
C)
is usually produced in response to consumer demand
D)
should be manufactured in large quantities to meet the huge demand
E)
is more often created or discovered by accident
E X E R C I S E 3: 1.
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
Luck is a very important part of success - a/an
meeting at a party or at
a friend's house has been known to lead to a new career or even to marriage. 2.
Sarah has a fantastic apartment in downtown New York, but she's not really happy because she's always had a/an
3.
to live in the countryside.
Alex is a very interesting person to talk to because he has a/an knowledge of the history of London - there's really very little he doesn't know about the city and its past.
4.
Copernicus revolutionized the way people thought about the solar system with his that the Earth and other planets revolve around the sun, and that the Earth, in fact, was not the centre of the universe.
5.
Picasso's new and original way of painting illustrated his
genius.
ELS •
HOW TO TREAT FROSTBITE Frostbite is a common injury in winter weather, particularly when low temperatures are combined with wind. The nose, ears, fingers, toes, and chin are the most susceptible. The involved part begins to tingle or hurt mildly and then becomes numb. Frozen tissue usually ranges from distinctly white in light-skinned people to ashen grey in dark-skinned people. Here are some tips to help rescue someone with frostbite: 1. Remove the person from the cold as soon as possible. 2. Every effort should be made to protect the frozen part. If there is a chance that the part might refreeze before reaching medical care, it may be more harmful to thaw it and let it refreeze than to await arrival at the treatment area for thawing. 3. Rapid rewarming is essential. Do not rub the injured part as friction may cause further damage. Use lukewarm water or use warmed blankets. Within about 30 minutes, sensation may return to the part, which may become red, swollen, and painful. 4. When the part is warm, keep it dry and clean. If blisters appear, use sterile dressings.
E X E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A a) harm or damage to the body b) (be) joined together c) likely to suffer from something; sensitive d) have a slight prickly, stinging feeling e) having no feeling f)
a mass of cells which makes up a particular organ or part of the body
g) unfreeze h) very important; completely necessary i)
apply pressure with a backwards-and-forwards or circular movement of the hand
j)
the force between two surfaces
k) not very hot I) a thick covering used especially on beds to keep one warm m) feeling n) bigger than usual (usually for parts of the body) o) a painful, watery bump under the skin p) a covering for a cut or wound
• ELS
COLUMN B
E X E R C I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. We learn from the passage that frostbite
A)
is extremely painful from the moment it sets in
B)
only affects the nose, ears, fingers, toes, and chin
C)
is usually only slightly painful at the beginning
D)
is the most common injury in winter
E)
may occur anywhere and in any weather conditions
2. According to the passage, if you encounter someone with frostbite, first of all, you should
A)
massage the frozen body part gently
B)
unfreeze the affected part immediately
C)
wrap the affected part in sterile bandages
D)
warm the patient as quickly as possible
E)
use water as hot as the patient can bear
3. From the information given in the passage, we understand that the frozen body part
A)
is lost in most cases
B)
loses sensation
C)
becomes red
D)
has a bumpy appearance
E)
should be rubbed for rapid rewarming
E X E R C I S E 3:
1.
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
Before the dentist starts working on your teeth, he gives you an injection which makes your mouth
so that you don't feel any pain.
2.
Kathy sprained her wrist and it became so
3.
According to one study, pet owners are less
that she couldn't wear her
watch on that wrist because the strap was too small. to colds and headaches
than people who don't have animals. Scientists think this is because pets help relieve stress, which is a major cause of illness. 4.
Parachuting is an amazing experience - the
of falling from
metres above the Earth at kilometres per hour is hard to describe. 5.
It is
to have a valid passport if you want to travel abroad.
ELS •
U N F A I R N E S S T O T H E PIG Few animals have such economic significance to mankind yet suffer from such a deplorable image as does the pig. As a domestic animal, it is a source of a wide variety of meats, high-quality leather, durable bristles for many kinds of brushes, and hundreds of medical products. At the same time, the pig is frequently regarded as unclean and even untouchable by many people. In spite of their reputation, pigs are neither filthy nor stupid. Because their sweat glands are relatively ineffective in lowering body temperature, pigs seek relief from the heat by wallowing in mud or shallow waterholes. When provided with? a clean environment sheltered from the sun, however, pigs are fastidious. Furthermore, in tests of intelligence, pigs have proved to be among the smartest of all domestic animals - even more intelligent than dogs.
E X E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A a) the state of not being reasonable or justifiable b) the state or quality of being important c) very bad; unfortunate d) the concept, or generalized idea, of a thing held by the general public e) (of animals) tame f) that from which something comes into existence or develops g) lasting in spite of hard wear or frequent use h) character - in the view of the general public i)
very dirty; disgusting
j)
as compared with something else
k) try to find I) an easing of pain, discomfort, etc. m) roll around n) not deep o) place where water gathers and from which animals drink water p) excessively concerned about cleanliness; overly fussy
• ELS
COLUMN B
E X E R C I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. The author of the passage points out that A)
the consumption of pork products is not very safe for health concerns
B)
though dirty, the pig is not too fiKhy to be touched
C)
pigs supply humans with very many types of products
D)