Maddenin Katı Sıvı Gaz Halleri
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- ^Evrendeki malzemelerin %99 ‘undan daha fazlasının plazma olduğu belirtilir. Örneğin, D. A. Gurnett, A. Bhattacharjee (2005). Introduction to Plasma Physics: With Space and Laboratory Applications. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. s. 2. ISBN 0-521-36483-3. and K Scherer, H Fichtner, B Heber (2005). Space Weather: The Physics Behind a Slogan. Berlin: Springer. s. 138. ISBN 3-540-22907-8. . Essentially, all of the visible light from space comes from stars, which are plasmas with a temperature such that they radiate strongly at visible wavelengths. Most of the ordinary (or baryonic) matter in the universe, however, is found in the intergalactic medium, which is also a plasma, but much hotter, so that it radiates primarily as X-rays. The current scientific consensus is that about 96% of the total energy density in the universe is not plasma or any other form of ordinary matter, but a combination of cold dark matter and dark energy.
- ^M.A. Wahab (2005). Solid State Physics: Structure and Properties of Materials. Alpha Science. ss. 1-3. ISBN 1-84265-218-4.
- ^F. White (2003). Fluid Mechanics. McGraw-Hill. s. 4. ISBN 0-07-240217-2.
- ^sanayisinde süperkritik karbon dioksit, kafeinözünü çıkarmak için kullanılır. G. Turrell (1997). Gas Dynamics: Theory and Applications. John Wiley & Sons. ss. 3-5. ISBN 0-471-97573-7.
- ^M. Chaplin (20 Ağustos 2009). "Water phase Diagram". Water Structure and Science. 22 Ocak 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 23 Şubat 2010.
- ^D.L. Goodstein (1985). States of Matter. Dover Phoenix. ISBN 978-0-486-49506-4.
- ^A.P. Sutton (1993). Electronic Structure of Materials. Oxford Science Publications. ss. 10-12. ISBN 978-0-19-851754-2.
- ^Shao, Y.; Zerda, T. W. (1998). "Phase Transitions of Liquid Crystal PAA in Confined Geometries". Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 102 (18). ss. 3387-3394. doi:10.1021/jp9734437.
- ^J.R. Minkel (20 Şubat 2009). "Strange but True: Superfluid Helium Can Climb Walls". Scientific American. 12 Aralık 2013 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 23 Şubat 2010.
- ^L. Valigra (22 Haziran 2005). "MIT physicists create new form of matter". MIT News. 11 Aralık 2013 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 23 Şubat 2010.
- ^V. Bendkowsky; ve diğerleri. (2009). "Observation of Ultralong-Range Rydberg Molecules". Nature. 458 (7241). s. 1005. Bibcode:2009Natur.458.1005B. doi:10.1038/nature07945. PMID 19396141.
- ^V. Gill (23 Nisan 2009). "World First for Strange Molecule". BBC News. 9 Aralık 2015 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 23 Şubat 2010.
- ^başka bir devlet olduğunu iddia diğer katı farklı sergiler.Süper katı is a spatially ordered material (that is, a solid or crystal) with superfluid properties. Similar to a superfluid, a supersolid is able to move without friction but retains a rigid shape. Although a supersolid is a solid, it exhibits so many characteristic properties different from other solids that many argue it is another state of matter.
- ^G. Murthy; ve diğerleri. (1997). "Superfluids and Supersolids on Frustrated Two-Dimensional Lattices". Physical Review B. 55 (5). s. 3104. arXiv:cond-mat/9607217 $2. Bibcode:1997PhRvB..55.3104M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.55.3104.
- ^Trimble, Virginia (1987). "Existence and nature of dark matter in the universe". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. Cilt 25. ss. 425-472. Bibcode:1987ARA&A..25..425T. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.25.090187.002233.
- ^Hinshaw, Gary F. (29 Ocak 2010). "What is the universe made of?". Universe 101. NASA website. 8 Ağustos 2015 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 17 Mart 2010.
- ^Cartlidge, Edwin (12 Ocak 2012). "New State of Matter Seen in Clay". Technology. Science Now website. 5 Nisan 2014 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 10 Eylül 2013.