Three main developments drove this change. In April , before electoral results had even been released in Chad, then U. He preached to them that idleness is not the best, so he will give them money to start businesses, those who want to go down south to learn how to slaughter cows, he [would] send them there then. Under Issoufou, Niger has been at the forefront of a trend toward securitization in Africa, and particularly the Sahel. Smith, Boko Haram, 74—
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